Merge kernel-rs with full history

2026-01-29 18:05:36 -03:00 · 2026-01-29 18:05:36 -03:00 · a0d4344b67
commit a0d4344b67
parent ca7b712d4f 26093882f5
55 changed files with 3503 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/kernel-rs/.gitignore
+++ b/kernel-rs/.gitignore
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+target
+build
+Cargo.lock
--- a/kernel-rs/.gitmodules
+++ b/kernel-rs/.gitmodules
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[submodule "multiboot2-elf64"]
+	path = multiboot2-elf64
+	url = https://github.com/jzck/multiboot2-elf64.git
+[submodule "x86"]
+	path = x86
+	url = https://github.com/jzck/x86.git
--- a/kernel-rs/.travis.yml
+++ b/kernel-rs/.travis.yml
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+language: rust
+before_install:
+  - sudo apt-get update
+  - sudo apt-get install -y nasm build-essential gcc
+  - cargo install xargo
+  - rustup override add nightly
+  - rustup component add rust-src
+script:
+  - make
+after_success: |
+  cargo doc &&
+  echo "<meta http-equiv=refresh content=0;url=`echo $TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG | cut -d '/' -f 2`/index.html>" > target/doc/index.html &&
+  sudo pip install ghp-import &&
+  ghp-import -n target/doc &&
+  git push -fq https://${GH_TOKEN}@github.com/${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}.git gh-pages
+env:
+  global:
+    secure: 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
--- a/kernel-rs/Cargo.toml
+++ b/kernel-rs/Cargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "bluesnow"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Jack Halford <jack@crans.org>", "William Escande <wescande@student.42.fr>"]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+rlibc = "1.0"
+bitflags = "1.0.1"
+spin = "0.4"
+slab_allocator = "0.3.5"
+x86 = { path = "x86" }				# forked for IA-32 compat
+multiboot2 = { path = "multiboot2-elf64" }	# forked to add rsdp tag
+
+[dependencies.raw-cpuid]
+# need to use github/master because of features not yet on crates.io
+git = "https://github.com/gz/rust-cpuid"
+features = ["nightly"]
+
+[dependencies.lazy_static]
+version = "1.0.0"
+features = ["spin_no_std"]
+
+#[dependencies.compiler_builtins]
+##I'm waiting for somebody to port i386/udivdi3.S ... :(((
+#git = "https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/compiler-builtins"
--- a/kernel-rs/Makefile
+++ b/kernel-rs/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+SHELL	:= /bin/bash
+
+ARCH	:= x86
+OS	:= bluesnow
+TARGET	?= $(ARCH)-$(OS)
+
+all:
+	@printf "make kernel\t# build kernel binary\n"
+	@printf "make iso\t# build iso cdrom\n"
+	@printf "make qemu\t# run iso in qemu\n"
+
+## COMPILE ASM (nasm)
+asm_source		:= $(wildcard src/arch/$(ARCH)/*.asm)
+asm_object		:= $(patsubst src/arch/$(ARCH)/%.asm, build/arch/$(ARCH)/%.o, $(asm_source))
+NASM			:= /usr/bin/nasm -f elf -gdwarf
+build/arch/$(ARCH)/%.o: src/arch/$(ARCH)/%.asm Makefile
+	@mkdir -p $(shell dirname $@)
+	$(NASM) $< -o $@
+
+## COMPILE RUST (xargo)
+rust_os	:= target/$(TARGET)/debug/lib$(OS).a
+$(rust_os): $(TARGET).json Makefile
+	TERM=xterm RUST_TARGET_PATH="$(shell pwd)" xargo build --target $(TARGET)
+
+## LINKAGE
+KERNEL			:= build/$(OS)-$(ARCH).bin
+linker_script	:= src/arch/$(ARCH)/linker.ld
+LD				:= /usr/bin/ld -m elf_i386 -L ./ -n --gc-sections
+$(KERNEL): $(rust_os) $(asm_object) $(linker_script) Makefile
+	$(LD) -o $@ -T $(linker_script) $(asm_object) $(rust_os)
+
+clean:
+	xargo clean
+	rm -rf build
+
+.PHONY: clean kernel iso $(rust_os)
+
+# Bootloader recipes
+ISO	:= $(KERNEL:.bin=.iso)
+iso: $(ISO)
+include mk/grub.mk
+
+# Emulation recipes
+include mk/qemu.mk
+
+kernel: $(KERNEL)
--- a/kernel-rs/README.md
+++ b/kernel-rs/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# !! Switched to ziglang -> [new repo here](https://github.com/jzck/kernel-zig) !!
+
+Kernel from scratch (KFS) series of projects at Ecole 42 !
+
+### [documentation](https://jzck.github.io/kernel/bluesnow/index.html)
+
+# building
+
+`git submodule udpate --init`  
+
+  - `nasm` compiles the bootcode
+  - `ld` links the bootcode and rust binary
+  - `grub-mkrescue` builds the iso (need xorriso and mtools)
+  - `xargo` builds rust code
+
+See `.travis.yml` to get an ubuntu environment ready  
+on archlinux `pacman -S rustup make grub xorriso mtools binutils gcc qemu`  
+on voidlinux `xbps-install -S rustup make grub xorriso mtools binutils gcc qemu nasm`
+
+
+#### rust setup
+
+We build on nightly channel because of some cool features not yet in stable.  
+We need the rust sources to build with xargo for cross-compiling to custom platform.  
+
+```
+rustup component add rust-src
+rustup override add nightly
+rustup default nightly
+cargo install xargo
+```
+
+# running
+
+  - `make iso` builds a bootable iso with grub
+  - `make qemu` runs the iso, 
+  - `make qemu-reload` reloads the CD
+
+# todo
+
+  - remove assembly for a pure rust entry point
+  - replace grub with something lighter	(no bootloader at all with `qemu -kernel` ?)
+
+# inspiration
+
+  - [wiki.osdev.org](https://wiki.osdev.org) is a fucking goldmine
+  - [Phil Opperman's "Writing an OS in rust"](https://os.phil-opp.com/)
+  - [Redox kernel](https://github.com/redox/kernel)
--- a/kernel-rs/Xargo.toml
+++ b/kernel-rs/Xargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[target.x86-bluesnow.dependencies]
+alloc = {}
--- a/kernel-rs/mk/grub.mk
+++ b/kernel-rs/mk/grub.mk
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+grub-cfg	:= src/arch/$(ARCH)/grub.cfg
+isodir		:= build/isofiles
+
+$(ISO): $(KERNEL) $(grub-cfg) Makefile
+	@mkdir -p $(isodir)/boot/grub
+	@cp $(grub-cfg) $(isodir)/boot/grub
+	@cp $(KERNEL) $(isodir)/boot/$(OS)
+	grub-mkrescue -o $@ $(isodir) 2>/dev/null
--- a/kernel-rs/mk/qemu.mk
+++ b/kernel-rs/mk/qemu.mk
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+QEMU_SOCKET := /tmp/qemu.sock
+QEMU_MONITOR := socat - unix-connect:$(QEMU_SOCKET)
+QEMU_GDB_PORT := 4242
+
+qemu:
+	qemu-system-i386\
+		-cdrom $(ISO)\
+		-S\
+		-enable-kvm\
+		-curses\
+		-gdb tcp::$(QEMU_GDB_PORT)\
+		-monitor unix:${QEMU_SOCKET},server,nowait\
+		-drive file=disk,if=ide,index=1
+
+qemu-gdb:
+	gdb\
+	    	-q\
+		-symbols "$(KERNEL)" \
+		-ex "target remote :$(QEMU_GDB_PORT)"\
+		-ex "set arch i386"
+
+qemu-monitor:
+	$(QEMU_MONITOR)
+qemu-reload:
+	echo "stop" | $(QEMU_MONITOR) &>/dev/null
+	echo "change ide1-cd0 $(ISO)" | $(QEMU_MONITOR) &>/dev/null
+	echo "system_reset" | $(QEMU_MONITOR) &>/dev/null
--- a/kernel-rs/multiboot2-elf64
+++ b/kernel-rs/multiboot2-elf64
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 32552947aa30414a96d9a8e291aceaf18320b3ef
--- a/kernel-rs/src/acpi/dsdt.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/acpi/dsdt.rs
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+use super::{check_signature, ACPISDTHeader};
+use core::mem;
+use x86::devices::io::{Io, Pio};
+
+static mut DSDT: DSDT = DSDT {
+    valid: false,
+    dsdt: None,
+    s5_ptr: 0,
+    slp_typ_a: 0,
+    slp_typ_b: 0,
+};
+
+struct DSDT {
+    valid: bool,
+    dsdt: Option<&'static ACPISDTHeader>,
+    s5_ptr: u32,
+    slp_typ_a: u16,
+    slp_typ_b: u16,
+}
+
+impl DSDT {
+    fn init(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+        self.dsdt = Some(unsafe { &(*(addr as *const ACPISDTHeader)) });
+        self.s5_ptr = self.find_s5(addr)?;
+        self.parse_s5();
+        self.valid = true;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn find_s5(&self, addr: u32) -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
+        let dsdt_start = addr + mem::size_of::<ACPISDTHeader>() as u32;
+        let dsdt_end = dsdt_start + self.dsdt.unwrap().length;
+        for addr in dsdt_start..dsdt_end {
+            if check_signature(addr, "_S5_") {
+                if (check_signature(addr - 1, "\x08") || check_signature(addr - 2, "\x08\\"))
+                    && check_signature(addr + 4, "\x12")
+                {
+                    return Ok(addr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err("Can not find S5 section in DSDT")
+    }
+
+    fn parse_s5(&mut self) {
+        let ptr = self.s5_ptr + 5;
+        let ptr = ((unsafe { *(ptr as *const u8) } & 0xC0) >> 6) + 2;
+        let ptr = if unsafe { *(ptr as *const u8) } == 0x0A {
+            ptr + 1
+        } else {
+            ptr
+        }; // Skip bytePrefix
+        self.slp_typ_a = (unsafe { *(ptr as *const u8) } as u16) << 10;
+        let ptr = ptr + 1;
+        let ptr = if unsafe { *(ptr as *const u8) } == 0x0A {
+            ptr + 1
+        } else {
+            ptr
+        }; // Skip bytePrefix
+        self.slp_typ_b = (unsafe { *(ptr as *const u8) } as u16) << 10;
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    match unsafe { DSDT.valid } {
+        true => Ok(()),
+        false => match unsafe { DSDT.dsdt } {
+            Some(_) => Err("Differentiated System Description Pointer (DSDP) is not valid"),
+            None => Err("Differentiated System Description Pointer (DSDP) is not initialized"),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// ## Initialize Differentiated System Description Table (DSDT)
+/// input param addr is contain in FADT
+pub fn init(addr: u32) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if ACPISDTHeader::valid(addr, "DSDT") {
+        return unsafe { DSDT.init(addr) };
+    }
+    return Err("Can not find Differentiated System Description Table (DSDT).");
+}
+
+/// NOT COMPATIBLE WITH VIRTUALBOX
+/// Send shutdown signal
+/// outw(PM1a_CNT_BLK, SLP_TYPx | SLP_EN)
+pub fn shutdown(pm1_cnt: [u16; 2]) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    is_init()?;
+    let slp_typ = unsafe { DSDT.slp_typ_a } | (1 << 13);
+    let mut pin: Pio<u16> = Pio::new(pm1_cnt[0]);
+    pin.write(slp_typ);
+    if pm1_cnt[1] != 0 {
+        let slp_typ = unsafe { DSDT.slp_typ_b } | (1 << 13);
+        let mut pin: Pio<u16> = Pio::new(pm1_cnt[1]);
+        pin.write(slp_typ);
+        // cpuio::outw(pm1_cnt[1], slp_typ);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/acpi/fadt.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/acpi/fadt.rs
@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+use super::{ACPISDTHeader, ACPISDTIter};
+use x86::devices::io::{Io, Pio};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct GenericAddressStructure {
+    addressspace: u8,
+    bitwidth: u8,
+    bitoffset: u8,
+    accesssize: u8,
+    noused: u32,
+    address: u64,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct FADT {
+    header: ACPISDTHeader,
+    firmwarectrl: u32,
+    dsdt: u32,
+
+    // field used in acpi 1.0; no longer in use, for compatibility only
+    reserved: u8,
+
+    preferredpowermanagementprofile: u8,
+    sci_interrupt: u16,
+    smi_commandport: u32,
+    acpi_enable: u8,
+    acpidisable: u8,
+    s4bios_req: u8,      //no use
+    pstate_control: u8,  //no use
+    pm1aeventblock: u32, //no use
+    pm1beventblock: u32, //no use
+    pm1acontrolblock: u32,
+    pm1bcontrolblock: u32,
+    pm2controlblock: u32, //no use
+    pmtimerblock: u32,    //no use
+    gpe0block: u32,       //no use
+    gpe1block: u32,       //no use
+    pm1eventlength: u8,   //no use
+    pm1controllength: u8,
+    pm2controllength: u8, //no use
+    pmtimerlength: u8,    //no use
+    gpe0length: u8,       //no use
+    gpe1length: u8,       //no use
+    gpe1base: u8,         //no use
+    cstatecontrol: u8,    //no use
+    worstc2latency: u16,  //no use
+    worstc3latency: u16,  //no use
+    flushsize: u16,       //no use
+    flushstride: u16,     //no use
+    dutyoffset: u8,       //no use
+    dutywidth: u8,        //no use
+    dayalarm: u8,         //no use
+    monthalarm: u8,       //no use
+    century: u8,          //no use
+
+    // reserved in acpi 1.0; used since acpi 2.0+
+    bootarchitectureflags: u16,
+
+    reserved2: u8,
+    flags: u32,
+
+    // 12 byte structure; see below for details
+    resetreg: GenericAddressStructure,
+
+    resetvalue: u8,
+    reserved3: [u8; 3],
+
+    // 64bit pointers - Available on ACPI 2.0+
+    x_firmwarecontrol: u64,
+    x_dsdt: u64,
+
+    x_pm1aeventblock: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_pm1beventblock: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_pm1acontrolblock: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_pm1bcontrolblock: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_pm2controlblock: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_pmtimerblock: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_gpe0block: GenericAddressStructure,
+    x_gpe1block: GenericAddressStructure,
+}
+
+static mut FADT: Option<FADT> = None;
+
+/// ## Initialize Fixed ACPI Description Table (FADT)
+/// input param addr is contain in other ptr of rsdt
+pub fn init(sdt_iter: ACPISDTIter) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    for sdt_ptr in sdt_iter {
+        if ACPISDTHeader::valid(sdt_ptr, "FACP") {
+            // Where is "FADT"? Shut up is magic
+            let fadt_tmp: FADT = unsafe { (*(sdt_ptr as *const FADT)).clone() };
+            unsafe { FADT = Some(fadt_tmp.clone()) };
+            if !is_enable()? {
+                // TODO do i have to check if enabled before init ???
+                let smi_cmd = fadt_tmp.smi_commandport as u16; // TODO WHY DO I NEED THIS FUCKING CAST
+                let acpi_enable = fadt_tmp.acpi_enable;
+                //TODO not sexy it !
+                let mut pin: Pio<u8> = Pio::new(smi_cmd);
+                pin.write(acpi_enable);
+                // cpuio::outb(smi_cmd, acpi_enable); // send acpi enable command
+            }
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+    return Err("Can not find Fixed ACPI Description Table (FADT).");
+}
+
+fn is_init() -> Result<FADT, &'static str> {
+    match unsafe { FADT.clone() } {
+        Some(fadt) => Ok(fadt),
+        None => Err("Fixed ACPI Description Table (FADT) is not initialized"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return Dsdt address
+/// FADT must have been initialized first
+pub fn dsdtaddr() -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
+    let fadt = is_init()?;
+    return Ok(fadt.dsdt);
+}
+
+fn get_cnt(fadt: FADT) -> [u16; 2] {
+    [fadt.pm1acontrolblock as u16, fadt.pm1bcontrolblock as u16] // TODO WHY DO I NEED THIS FUCKING CAST
+}
+
+/// Return true/false depending of acpi is enable
+pub fn is_enable() -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
+    let fadt = is_init()?;
+    let pm1_cnt = get_cnt(fadt);
+    let pin: Pio<u16> = Pio::new(pm1_cnt[0]);
+    if pm1_cnt[1] == 0 {
+        Ok(pin.read() & 0x1 == 0x1)
+    // Ok(cpuio::inw(pm1_cnt[0]) & 0x1 == 0x1)
+    } else {
+        let pin2: Pio<u8> = Pio::new(pm1_cnt[1]);
+        Ok(pin.read() & 0x1 == 0x1 || pin2.read() & 0x1 == 0x1)
+        // Ok(cpuio::inw(pm1_cnt[0]) & 0x1 == 0x1 || cpuio::inw(pm1_cnt[1]) & 0x1 == 0x1)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return a array with [pm1a, pm1b]
+/// FADT must have been initialized first
+pub fn get_controlblock() -> Result<[u16; 2], &'static str> {
+    if !is_enable()? {
+        Err("ACPI is not enabled")
+    } else {
+        Ok(get_cnt(is_init()?)) // TODO redondant call to is_init
+    }
+}
+pub fn reboot() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if !is_enable()? {
+        Err("ACPI is not enabled")
+    } else {
+        let fadt = is_init()?;
+        println!(
+            "fadt on {} ({}), value is {}",
+            fadt.resetreg.address as u32, fadt.resetreg.address as u16, fadt.resetvalue
+        );
+        let mut pin: Pio<u8> = Pio::new(fadt.resetreg.address as u16);
+        pin.write(fadt.resetvalue);
+        // cpuio::outb(fadt.resetreg.address as u16, fadt.resetvalue); //TODO do it work
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/acpi/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/acpi/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+mod rsdp;
+mod rsdt;
+mod xsdt;
+mod fadt;
+mod dsdt;
+
+use core;
+use core::mem;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct ACPISDTHeader {
+    signature: [u8; 4],
+    length: u32,
+    revision: u8,
+    checksum: u8,
+    oemid: [u8; 6],
+    oemtableid: [u8; 8],
+    oemrevision: u32,
+    creatorid: u32,
+    creatorrevision: u32,
+}
+
+impl ACPISDTHeader {
+    pub fn valid(addr: u32, signature: &str) -> bool {
+        if check_signature(addr, signature) {
+            let ptr_tmp = addr as *const ACPISDTHeader;
+            if check_checksum(addr, unsafe { (*ptr_tmp).length } as usize) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static mut ACPI: Acpi = Acpi {
+    valid: false,
+    v2: false,
+};
+
+struct Acpi {
+    valid: bool,
+    v2: bool,
+}
+
+impl Acpi {
+    fn common_init(&mut self) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+        if self.v2 {
+            // Xsdt Address:
+            // 64-bit physical address of the XSDT table. If you detect ACPI Version 2.0 you should use this table instead of RSDT even on x86, casting the address to uint32_t.
+            xsdt::init(rsdp::xsdtaddr()?)?;
+            fadt::init(xsdt::iter()?)?;
+        } else {
+            rsdt::init(rsdp::rsdtaddr()?)?;
+            fadt::init(rsdt::iter()?)?;
+        }
+        dsdt::init(fadt::dsdtaddr()?)?;
+        self.valid = true;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn init(&mut self) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+        self.v2 = rsdp::init()?;
+        self.common_init()
+    }
+    fn load(&mut self, rsdp_addr: u32) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+        self.v2 = rsdp::load(rsdp_addr)?;
+        self.common_init()
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_signature(addr: u32, id: &str) -> bool {
+    let signature = match core::str::from_utf8(unsafe {
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(addr as *mut u8, id.len())
+    }) {
+        Ok(y) => y,
+        Err(_) => return false,
+    };
+    return signature == id;
+}
+
+fn check_checksum(addr: u32, len: usize) -> bool {
+    let byte_array = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(addr as *mut u8, len) };
+    let mut sum: u32 = 0;
+    for byte in byte_array {
+        sum += *byte as u32;
+    }
+    return sum as u8 == 0;
+}
+
+pub struct ACPISDTIter {
+    pos: usize,
+    width: usize,
+    sdt: u32,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl ACPISDTIter {
+    fn new(
+        acpi_sdt: Option<*const ACPISDTHeader>,
+        ptr_len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<ACPISDTIter, &'static str> {
+        match acpi_sdt {
+            None => Err("There is no ACPI System Description Table (ACPISDTHeader) to iter on."),
+            Some(ptr) => Ok(ACPISDTIter {
+                pos: 0,
+                width: ptr_len,
+                sdt: ptr as u32 + mem::size_of::<ACPISDTHeader>() as u32,
+                len: (unsafe { (*ptr).length } as usize - mem::size_of::<ACPISDTHeader>())
+                    / ptr_len,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for ACPISDTIter {
+    type Item = u32;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.pos += 1;
+        if self.pos > self.len {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let ret = Some(unsafe { *(self.sdt as *const u32) });
+        self.sdt += self.width as u32;
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Initalized the ACPI module
+pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if unsafe{ACPI.valid} { return Ok(()); }
+    unsafe { ACPI.init() }
+}
+
+/// Load the ACPI module, addr given is a ptr to RSDP
+pub fn load(rsdp_addr: u32) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if unsafe{!ACPI.valid} { return Ok(()); }
+    unsafe { ACPI.load(rsdp_addr) }
+}
+
+/// Proceed to ACPI shutdown
+/// This function doesn't work with Virtual Box yet
+pub fn shutdown() {
+    if unsafe{!ACPI.valid} { return; }
+    dsdt::shutdown(fadt::get_controlblock().unwrap()).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Proceed to ACPI reboot
+/// This function need ACPI in v2
+pub fn reboot() {
+    if unsafe {!ACPI.valid} { println!("ACPI not initialized"); }
+    if unsafe { ACPI.v2 } {
+        fadt::reboot().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        println!("ACPI reboot only available in ACPI v2+");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Display state of ACPI
+pub fn info() {
+    if unsafe { !ACPI.valid } { println!("ACPI not initialized"); return }
+    match fadt::is_enable() {
+        Ok(true) => println!("ACPI is disabled"),
+        Ok(false) => println!("ACPI is disabled"),
+        Err(msg) => println!("error while checking ACPI: {}", msg)
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/acpi/rsdp.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/acpi/rsdp.rs
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use super::{check_checksum, check_signature};
+use core::mem;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct RSDP {
+    signature: [u8; 8],
+    checksum: u8,
+    oemid: [u8; 6],
+    revision: u8,
+    rsdtaddr: u32,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct RSDP20 {
+    rsdp: RSDP,
+    length: u32,
+    xsdtaddress: u64,
+    extendedchecksum: u8,
+    reserved: [u8; 3],
+}
+
+static mut RSDPTR: Option<RSDP20> = None;
+
+/// RSDP load will check is RSDP is present at the addr sent.
+/// Return a bool
+///         true => RSDP is V2
+///         false => RSDP is V1
+pub fn load(addr: u32) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
+    if check_signature(addr, "RSD PTR ") {
+        let rsdp_tmp: RSDP20 = unsafe { (*(addr as *const RSDP20)).clone() };
+        let revision = rsdp_tmp.rsdp.revision;
+        if (revision == 0 && check_checksum(addr, mem::size_of::<RSDP>()))
+            || (revision == 2 && check_checksum(addr, mem::size_of::<RSDP20>()))
+        {
+            unsafe { RSDPTR = Some(rsdp_tmp) };
+            return Ok(revision == 2);
+        }
+    }
+    Err("Not a valid RSD ptr")
+}
+
+fn memory_finding() -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < 0x1000000 {
+        i += 8;
+        if let Ok(result) = load(i) {
+            return Ok(result);
+        }
+    }
+    Err("Can not find Root System Description Pointer (RSDP).")
+}
+
+fn is_init() -> Result<RSDP20, &'static str> {
+    match unsafe { RSDPTR.clone() } {
+        Some(rsdptr) => Ok(rsdptr),
+        None => Err("Root System Description Pointer (RSDP) is not initialized"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return a ptr on xsdt
+/// RSDP must have been initialized first
+pub fn xsdtaddr() -> Result<u64, &'static str> {
+    let rsdptr = is_init()?;
+    let revision = rsdptr.rsdp.revision;
+    if revision != 2 {
+        return Err("Wrong RSDP version asked");
+    }
+    return Ok(rsdptr.xsdtaddress);
+}
+
+/// Return a ptr on rsdt
+/// RSDP must have been initialized first
+pub fn rsdtaddr() -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
+    let rsdptr = is_init()?;
+    return Ok(rsdptr.rsdp.rsdtaddr);
+}
+
+/// RSDP init will iter on addr in [0x0 - 0x1000000] to find "RSDP PTR "
+/// if you already know the location, you should prefer to use load function
+/// return an Error if there is no RSDP in memory, or return the value of load function
+pub fn init() -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
+    memory_finding()
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/acpi/rsdt.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/acpi/rsdt.rs
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use super::{ACPISDTHeader, ACPISDTIter};
+
+//TODO this can work only if pagging is disabled
+static mut RSDT: Option<*const ACPISDTHeader> = None;
+
+/// ## Initialize Root System Description Table (RSDT)
+/// input param addr is contain in RSDP
+pub fn init(addr: u32) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if ACPISDTHeader::valid(addr, "RSDT") {
+        unsafe { RSDT = Some(addr as *const ACPISDTHeader) };
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    return Err("Can not find Root System Description Table (RSDT).");
+}
+
+/// Return a iterable of ptr contained in RSDT
+/// RSDT must have been initialized first
+pub fn iter() -> Result<ACPISDTIter, &'static str> {
+    ACPISDTIter::new(unsafe { RSDT }, 4)
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/acpi/xsdt.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/acpi/xsdt.rs
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use super::{ACPISDTHeader, ACPISDTIter};
+
+//TODO this can work only if pagging is disabled
+static mut XSDT: Option<*const ACPISDTHeader> = None;
+
+/// ## Initialize Root System Description Table (XSDT)
+/// input param addr is contain in RSDP
+pub fn init(addr: u64) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    assert!((addr as u32) as u64 == addr);
+    let addr: u32 = addr as u32;
+    if ACPISDTHeader::valid(addr, "XSDT") {
+        unsafe { XSDT = Some(addr as *const ACPISDTHeader) };
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    return Err("Can not find eXtended System Descriptor Table (XSDT).");
+}
+
+/// Return a iterable of ptr contained in XSDT
+/// XSDT must have been initialized first
+pub fn iter() -> Result<ACPISDTIter, &'static str> {
+    ACPISDTIter::new(unsafe { XSDT }, 8)
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/allocator/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/allocator/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// pub use self::ALLOCATOR;
+
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+use arch::x86::paging::*;
+
+fn map_heap(active_table: &mut ActivePageTable) {
+    //zone for heap is predefined in `consts.rs`
+    for page in ::KERNEL_HEAP_RANGE {
+        active_table.map(page, PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+    }
+}
+
+/// should be called only once
+pub unsafe fn init(active_table: &mut ActivePageTable) {
+    let offset = ::KERNEL_HEAP_OFFSET;
+    let size = ::KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE;
+
+    map_heap(active_table);
+
+    //slab allocator
+    super::ALLOCATOR.init(offset.as_u32() as usize, size as usize);
+}
+
+#[alloc_error_handler]
+fn foo(_: core::alloc::Layout) -> ! {
+    panic!("alloc_error_handler");
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// we only support a single architecture at the moment
+// we call it x86 but we only support all 32bit
+// intel architectures (IA-32) such as i[3456]86
+pub mod x86;
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/boot.asm
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/boot.asm
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+global start
+extern x86_start
+
+section .text
+bits 32
+start:
+
+	; our stack, located in bss, linker.ld puts bss at the end of the binary
+	mov esp, stack_top
+
+	; multiboot information pointer
+	push ebx
+
+	call check_multiboot
+	call set_up_page_tables
+
+	; load the new gdt
+	lgdt [GDTR.ptr]
+	jmp GDTR.gdt_cs:x86_start
+
+check_multiboot:
+	cmp eax, 0x36d76289
+	jne .no_multiboot
+	ret
+.no_multiboot:
+	mov al, "0"
+	jmp error
+
+; minimal page tables (first 8MB identity mapped)
+; core page tables will be loaded in rust
+set_up_page_tables:
+	; map P2 table recursively
+	mov eax, p2_table
+	or eax, 0b11 ; present + writable
+	mov [p2_table + 1023 * 4], eax
+
+	; identity map first P2 entry to a huge page
+	mov eax, 0x0		; 0MB -> 4MB (first page)
+	or eax, 0b10000011	; huge + present + writable
+	mov [p2_table], eax
+
+	mov eax, 0x400000	; 4MB -> 8Mb (second page)
+	or eax, 0b10000011	; huge + present + writable
+	mov [p2_table + 4], eax
+
+	mov eax, 0x800000	; 8MB -> 12Mb (third page)
+	or eax, 0b10000011	; huge + present + writable
+	mov [p2_table + 8], eax
+
+	mov eax, p2_table
+	mov cr3, eax
+	ret
+
+error:
+	mov dword [0xb8000], 0x4f524f45
+	mov dword [0xb8004], 0x4f3a4f52
+	mov dword [0xb8008], 0x4f204f20
+	mov byte  [0xb800a], al
+	cli
+HALT:
+	hlt
+	jmp HALT
+
+section .bss
+align 4096
+p2_table:
+	resb 4096
+stack_bottom:
+	resb 4096 * 4
+stack_top:
+
+; minimal boot gdt (cs & ds)
+; core gdt will be loaded in rust
+section .gdt
+GDTR:
+; http://tuttlem.github.io/2014/07/11/a-gdt-primer.html
+.gdt_top:
+	DD 0, 0
+.gdt_cs: equ $ - .gdt_top; the code segment Aka KERNEL CODE
+	DW 0xffff		; Limit ( bits 0 -15 )
+	DW 0x0			; Base ( bits 0 -15 )
+	DB 0x0			; Base ( bits 16 -23 )
+	DB 0x9A			; [ Access Flags: 0x9A=10011010b = (present)|(Privilege Ring 0=00b)|(1)|(code => 1)|(expand down => 0)|(readable)|(0) ]
+	DB 0xCF			; [ Flags: C=1100b = (granularity)|(32bit)|(!64bit)|(0) ] / [ Limits: (bits 16-19): F=1111b ]
+	DB 0x0			; Base ( bits 24 -31 )
+
+.gdt_ds: equ $ - .gdt_top; the data segment Aka KERNEL DATA
+	DW 0xffff		; Limit ( bits 0 -15 )
+	DW 0x0			; Base ( bits 0 -15 )
+	DB 0x0			; Base ( bits 16 -23 )
+	DB 0x92			; [ Access Flags: 0x92=10010010b = (present)|(Privilege Ring 0=00b)|(1)|(data => 0)|(expand down => 0)|(readable)|(0) ]
+	DB 0xCF			; [ Flags: C=1100b = (granularity)|(32bit)|(!64bit)|(0) ] / [ Limits: (bits 16-19): F=1111b ]
+	DB 0x0			; Base ( bits 24 -31 )
+
+.gdt_bottom:
+.ptr:
+	DW .gdt_bottom - .gdt_top - 1	; length of the structure minus 1
+	DD .gdt_top						; pointer to top of gdt
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/consts.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/consts.rs
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// p2 layout looks like this:
+// [kernel 0->4MiB]
+// [kernel 4->8MiB]
+// [start of no man's land]
+// .
+// .
+// .
+// [end of no man's land]
+// [user stack]
+// [kernel heap]
+// [recursive map] points to first entry
+//
+// no man's land should be used in the future for mmap() I guess
+// the kernel right now takes up 2 pages with debug symbols,
+// if it gets to 3 pages everything will crash and i'll have
+// to hardcode the third page here and in `boot.asm` also!
+//
+// TODO
+// kernel is mapped identically (start of memory) but in
+// the future it should be higher-half mapped so that
+// user memory starts at 0
+
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+use x86::*;
+use core::ops::Range;
+
+// macro_rules! prange { ($i:expr, $s:expr) => {$i..$i+$s+1}}
+
+// all of this is fucking contrived
+// the rust compiler should be able to evaluate const expressions
+// by using the impl for my structs, what i'm doing here is obvious
+// to me but not to the compiler
+
+pub const RECURSIVE_PAGE_OFFSET: VirtAddr = VirtAddr(0xffc0_000); // first 10 bits
+pub const RECURSIVE_PAGE: Page = Page::containing_address(RECURSIVE_PAGE_OFFSET);
+pub const RECURSIVE_PAGE_SIZE: u32 = 0x0040_0000; // the whole p2 entry
+
+pub const KERNEL_HEAP_OFFSET: VirtAddr = VirtAddr(RECURSIVE_PAGE_OFFSET.0 - RECURSIVE_PAGE_SIZE);
+// should be
+// pub const KERNEL_HEAP_OFFSET: VirtAddr = RECURSIVE_PAGE_OFFSET - RECURSIVE_PAGE_SIZE);
+pub const KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE: u32 = 0x0040_0000; //4MiB (1 huge page)
+pub const KERNEL_HEAP_START: Page = Page::containing_address(KERNEL_HEAP_OFFSET);
+pub const KERNEL_HEAP_END: Page =
+    Page::containing_address(VirtAddr(KERNEL_HEAP_OFFSET.0 + KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE));
+pub const KERNEL_HEAP_RANGE: Range<Page> = KERNEL_HEAP_START..KERNEL_HEAP_END;
+
+pub const USER_STACK_OFFSET: VirtAddr = VirtAddr(KERNEL_HEAP_OFFSET.0 - KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE);
+pub const USER_STACK_START: Page = Page::containing_address(USER_STACK_OFFSET);
+pub const USER_STACK_SIZE: u32 = 0x0040_0000; //4MiB (1 huge page)
+pub const USER_STACK_END: Page =
+    Page::containing_address(VirtAddr(USER_STACK_OFFSET.0 + USER_STACK_SIZE));
+pub const USER_STACK_RANGE: Range<Page> = USER_STACK_START..USER_STACK_END;
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/devices/cpu.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/devices/cpu.rs
@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+extern crate raw_cpuid;
+
+use self::raw_cpuid::CpuId;
+
+pub fn cpu_info() {
+    let cpuid = CpuId::new();
+
+    if let Some(info) = cpuid.get_vendor_info() {
+        println!("Vendor: {}", info.as_string());
+    }
+
+    if let Some(info) = cpuid.get_extended_function_info() {
+        if let Some(brand) = info.processor_brand_string() {
+            println!("Model: {}", brand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(info) = cpuid.get_processor_frequency_info() {
+        println!("Base MHz: {}", info.processor_base_frequency());
+        println!("Max MHz: {}", info.processor_max_frequency());
+        println!("Bus MHz: {}", info.bus_frequency());
+    } else {
+        set_color!(Red);
+        println!("Couldn't retrieve cpu frequency info");
+        set_color!();
+    }
+
+    if let Some(info) = cpuid.get_feature_info() {
+        print!("Features:");
+        if info.has_fpu() {
+            print!(" fpu")
+        };
+        if info.has_vme() {
+            print!(", vme")
+        };
+        if info.has_de() {
+            print!(", de")
+        };
+        if info.has_pse() {
+            print!(", pse")
+        };
+        if info.has_tsc() {
+            print!(", tsc")
+        };
+        if info.has_msr() {
+            print!(", msr")
+        };
+        if info.has_pae() {
+            print!(", pae")
+        };
+        if info.has_mce() {
+            print!(", mce")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_cmpxchg8b() {
+            print!(", cx8")
+        };
+        if info.has_apic() {
+            print!(", apic")
+        };
+        if info.has_sysenter_sysexit() {
+            print!(", sep")
+        };
+        if info.has_mtrr() {
+            print!(", mtrr")
+        };
+        if info.has_pge() {
+            print!(", pge")
+        };
+        if info.has_mca() {
+            print!(", mca")
+        };
+        if info.has_cmov() {
+            print!(", cmov")
+        };
+        if info.has_pat() {
+            print!(", pat")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_pse36() {
+            print!(", pse36")
+        };
+        if info.has_psn() {
+            print!(", psn")
+        };
+        if info.has_clflush() {
+            print!(", clflush")
+        };
+        if info.has_ds() {
+            print!(", ds")
+        };
+        if info.has_acpi() {
+            print!(", acpi")
+        };
+        if info.has_mmx() {
+            print!(", mmx")
+        };
+        if info.has_fxsave_fxstor() {
+            print!(", fxsr")
+        };
+        if info.has_sse() {
+            print!(", sse")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_sse2() {
+            print!(", sse2")
+        };
+        if info.has_ss() {
+            print!(", ss")
+        };
+        if info.has_htt() {
+            print!(", ht")
+        };
+        if info.has_tm() {
+            print!(", tm")
+        };
+        if info.has_pbe() {
+            print!(", pbe")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_sse3() {
+            print!(", sse3")
+        };
+        if info.has_pclmulqdq() {
+            print!(", pclmulqdq")
+        };
+        if info.has_ds_area() {
+            print!(", dtes64")
+        };
+        if info.has_monitor_mwait() {
+            print!(", monitor")
+        };
+        if info.has_cpl() {
+            print!(", ds_cpl")
+        };
+        if info.has_vmx() {
+            print!(", vmx")
+        };
+        if info.has_smx() {
+            print!(", smx")
+        };
+        if info.has_eist() {
+            print!(", est")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_tm2() {
+            print!(", tm2")
+        };
+        if info.has_ssse3() {
+            print!(", ssse3")
+        };
+        if info.has_cnxtid() {
+            print!(", cnxtid")
+        };
+        if info.has_fma() {
+            print!(", fma")
+        };
+        if info.has_cmpxchg16b() {
+            print!(", cx16")
+        };
+        if info.has_pdcm() {
+            print!(", pdcm")
+        };
+        if info.has_pcid() {
+            print!(", pcid")
+        };
+        if info.has_dca() {
+            print!(", dca")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_sse41() {
+            print!(", sse4_1")
+        };
+        if info.has_sse42() {
+            print!(", sse4_2")
+        };
+        if info.has_x2apic() {
+            print!(", x2apic")
+        };
+        if info.has_movbe() {
+            print!(", movbe")
+        };
+        if info.has_popcnt() {
+            print!(", popcnt")
+        };
+        if info.has_tsc_deadline() {
+            print!(", tsc_deadline_timer")
+        };
+        if info.has_aesni() {
+            print!(", aes")
+        };
+        if info.has_xsave() {
+            print!(", xsave")
+        };
+
+        if info.has_oxsave() {
+            print!(", xsaveopt")
+        };
+        if info.has_avx() {
+            print!(", avx")
+        };
+        if info.has_f16c() {
+            print!(", f16c")
+        };
+        if info.has_rdrand() {
+            print!(", rdrand")
+        };
+        println!("");
+    }
+
+    if let Some(info) = cpuid.get_extended_function_info() {
+        print!("Extended function:");
+        if info.has_64bit_mode() {
+            print!(" lm")
+        };
+        if info.has_rdtscp() {
+            print!(", rdtscp")
+        };
+        if info.has_1gib_pages() {
+            print!(", pdpe1gb")
+        };
+        if info.has_execute_disable() {
+            print!(", nx")
+        };
+        if info.has_syscall_sysret() {
+            print!(", syscall")
+        };
+        if info.has_prefetchw() {
+            print!(", prefetchw")
+        };
+        if info.has_lzcnt() {
+            print!(", lzcnt")
+        };
+        if info.has_lahf_sahf() {
+            print!(", lahf_lm")
+        };
+        if info.has_invariant_tsc() {
+            print!(", constant_tsc")
+        };
+        println!("");
+    }
+
+    if let Some(info) = cpuid.get_extended_feature_info() {
+        print!("Extended features:");
+        if info.has_fsgsbase() {
+            print!(" fsgsbase")
+        };
+        if info.has_tsc_adjust_msr() {
+            print!(", tsc_adjust")
+        };
+        if info.has_bmi1() {
+            print!(", bmi1")
+        };
+        if info.has_hle() {
+            print!(", hle")
+        };
+        if info.has_avx2() {
+            print!(", avx2")
+        };
+        if info.has_smep() {
+            print!(", smep")
+        };
+        if info.has_bmi2() {
+            print!(", bmi2")
+        };
+        if info.has_rep_movsb_stosb() {
+            print!(", erms")
+        };
+        if info.has_invpcid() {
+            print!(", invpcid")
+        };
+        if info.has_rtm() {
+            print!(", rtm")
+        };
+        // if info.has_qm() {
+        //     print!(", qm")
+        // };
+        if info.has_fpu_cs_ds_deprecated() {
+            print!(", fpu_seg")
+        };
+        if info.has_mpx() {
+            print!(", mpx")
+        };
+        println!("");
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/devices/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/devices/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use x86::devices::pit;
+use x86::devices::pic;
+pub mod cpu;
+use x86::instructions::interrupts;
+
+static CHAN0_DIVISOR: u16 = 2685;
+
+pub unsafe fn init() {
+    pic::init_cascade();
+    pic::disable_irqs();
+    pic::enable_irq(0);
+    pic::enable_irq(1);
+    pit::CHAN0.set_divisor(CHAN0_DIVISOR);
+    interrupts::enable();
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/gdt.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/gdt.rs
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use x86::structures::gdt;
+use x86::structures::tss;
+use x86::structures::gdt::SegmentSelector;
+use x86::instructions::segmentation::*;
+use x86::instructions::tables::load_tss;
+use x86::PrivilegeLevel::{Ring0, Ring3};
+
+pub static mut GDT: gdt::Gdt = gdt::Gdt::new();
+pub static mut TSS: tss::TaskStateSegment = tss::TaskStateSegment::new();
+pub static mut TASK_TSS: tss::TaskStateSegment = tss::TaskStateSegment::new();
+
+pub static GDT_KERNEL_CODE: SegmentSelector = SegmentSelector::new(1, Ring0);
+pub static GDT_KERNEL_DATA: SegmentSelector = SegmentSelector::new(2, Ring0);
+pub static GDT_USER_CODE: SegmentSelector = SegmentSelector::new(3, Ring3);
+pub static GDT_USER_DATA: SegmentSelector = SegmentSelector::new(4, Ring3);
+pub static GDT_TSS: SegmentSelector = SegmentSelector::new(5, Ring3);
+pub static GDT_TASK_TSS: SegmentSelector = SegmentSelector::new(7, Ring3);
+
+pub unsafe fn init() {
+    // the following *order* is important
+    let kcode_selector = GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor::kernel_code_segment());
+    let kdata_selector = GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor::kernel_data_segment());
+    let ucode_selector = GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor::user_code_segment());
+    let udata_selector = GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor::user_data_segment());
+
+    //I read that the tss should be twice as long
+    //fuck knows why...
+    TSS.ss0 = GDT_KERNEL_CODE.0;
+    asm!("mov %esp, $0" : "=r" (TSS.esp0));
+    let tss_selector = GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor::tss_segment(&TSS));
+    GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor(0));
+
+    TASK_TSS.eip = self::test_task as *const () as u32;
+    let task_tss_selector = GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor::tss_segment(&TASK_TSS));
+    GDT.add_entry(gdt::Descriptor(0));
+
+    assert_eq!(kcode_selector, GDT_KERNEL_CODE);
+    assert_eq!(kdata_selector, GDT_KERNEL_DATA);
+    assert_eq!(ucode_selector, GDT_USER_CODE);
+    assert_eq!(udata_selector, GDT_USER_DATA);
+    assert_eq!(tss_selector, GDT_TSS);
+    assert_eq!(task_tss_selector, GDT_TASK_TSS);
+
+    // use x86::structures::gdt::Descriptor;
+    // println!(
+    //     "tr({:#x}):\n {:#?}",
+    //     tss_selector.0,
+    //     gdt::Descriptor(GDT.table[tss_selector.index() as usize])
+    // );
+    // flush!();
+
+    GDT.load();
+    set_cs(kcode_selector);
+    load_ds(kdata_selector);
+    load_es(kdata_selector);
+    load_ss(kdata_selector);
+    load_tss(tss_selector);
+    // unreachable!();
+}
+
+pub fn test_task() {
+    println!("inside test task omg we did it !!!");
+    flush!();
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/grub.cfg
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/grub.cfg
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+set timeout=0
+set default=0
+
+menuentry "Blue Snow" {
+    multiboot2 /boot/bluesnow
+    boot
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/idt.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/idt.rs
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use x86::structures::idt::*;
+use super::interrupt::*;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref IDT: Idt = {
+        let mut idt = Idt::new();
+
+        // set up CPU exceptions
+        idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(exception::breakpoint);
+        idt.debug.set_handler_fn(exception::debug);
+        idt.non_maskable_interrupt.set_handler_fn(exception::non_maskable);
+        idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(exception::breakpoint);
+        idt.overflow.set_handler_fn(exception::overflow);
+        idt.bound_range_exceeded.set_handler_fn(exception::bound_range);
+        idt.invalid_opcode.set_handler_fn(exception::invalid_opcode);
+        idt.device_not_available.set_handler_fn(exception::device_not_available);
+        idt.double_fault.set_handler_fn(exception::double_fault);
+        idt.segment_not_present.set_handler_fn(exception::segment_not_present);
+        idt.stack_segment_fault.set_handler_fn(exception::stack_segment);
+        idt.general_protection_fault.set_handler_fn(exception::general_protection);
+        idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(exception::page_fault);
+        idt.x87_floating_point.set_handler_fn(exception::x87_fpu);
+        idt.alignment_check.set_handler_fn(exception::alignment_check);
+        idt.machine_check.set_handler_fn(exception::machine_check);
+        idt.simd_floating_point.set_handler_fn(exception::simd);
+        idt.virtualization.set_handler_fn(exception::virtualization);
+
+        // set up IRQs
+        idt[32].set_handler_fn(irq::pit);
+        idt[33].set_handler_fn(irq::keyboard);
+        idt[34].set_handler_fn(irq::cascade);
+        idt[35].set_handler_fn(irq::com2);
+        idt[36].set_handler_fn(irq::com1);
+        idt[37].set_handler_fn(irq::lpt2);
+        idt[38].set_handler_fn(irq::floppy);
+        idt[39].set_handler_fn(irq::lpt1);
+        idt[40].set_handler_fn(irq::rtc);
+        idt[41].set_handler_fn(irq::pci1);
+        idt[42].set_handler_fn(irq::pci2);
+        idt[43].set_handler_fn(irq::pci3);
+        idt[44].set_handler_fn(irq::mouse);
+        idt[45].set_handler_fn(irq::fpu);
+        idt[46].set_handler_fn(irq::ata1);
+        idt[47].set_handler_fn(irq::ata2);
+
+        idt
+    };
+}
+
+pub fn init() {
+    IDT.load();
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/interrupt/exception.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/interrupt/exception.rs
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// https://wiki.osdev.org/Exceptions
+
+macro_rules! exception {
+    ($name:ident, $func:block) => {
+        pub extern "x86-interrupt" fn $name(stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame)
+        {
+            println!("#{}", stringify!($name));
+            println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
+            flush!();
+
+            #[allow(unused_variables)]
+            fn inner(stack: &mut ExceptionStackFrame) {
+                $func
+            }
+            inner(stack_frame);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! exception_err {
+    ($name:ident, $func:block) => {
+        pub extern "x86-interrupt" fn $name(
+            stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame, error_code: u32)
+        {
+            println!("#{}({})", stringify!($name), error_code);
+            println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
+            flush!();
+
+            #[allow(unused_variables)]
+            fn inner(stack: &mut ExceptionStackFrame) {
+                $func
+            }
+            inner(stack_frame);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+use x86::structures::idt::*;
+
+exception!(divide_by_zero, {
+    panic!("CPU exception: division by zero")
+});
+
+exception!(debug, {});
+exception!(non_maskable, {});
+exception!(breakpoint, {});
+exception!(overflow, {});
+exception!(bound_range, {});
+exception!(invalid_opcode, {});
+exception!(device_not_available, {});
+exception_err!(double_fault, {
+    panic!("double fault non recoverable");
+});
+exception!(coprocessor_segment_overrun, {});
+exception_err!(invalid_tss, {});
+exception_err!(segment_not_present, {});
+exception_err!(stack_segment, {});
+exception_err!(general_protection, {
+    panic!("cannot recover from #GP");
+});
+
+pub extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault(
+    stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame,
+    code: PageFaultErrorCode,
+) {
+    use x86::registers::control::Cr2;
+    println!("Exception: page_fault");
+    println!("Error code: {:?}", code);
+    println!("PFLA: {:?}", Cr2::read());
+    println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    flush!();
+    panic!("cannot recover from #PF")
+}
+
+exception!(x87_fpu, {});
+exception_err!(alignment_check, {});
+exception!(machine_check, {});
+exception!(simd, {});
+exception!(virtualization, {});
+exception_err!(security, {});
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/interrupt/irq.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/interrupt/irq.rs
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use x86::structures::idt::*;
+use x86::devices::pic;
+use time;
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! interrupt {
+    ($i:expr, $name:ident, $func:block) => {
+        pub extern "x86-interrupt" fn $name(stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame)
+        {
+            unsafe { trigger($i); }
+
+            #[allow(unused_variables)]
+            fn inner(stack: &mut ExceptionStackFrame) {
+                $func
+            }
+            inner(stack_frame);
+
+            unsafe { acknowledge($i); }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn trigger(irq: u8) {
+    if irq < 16 {
+        if irq >= 8 {
+            pic::SLAVE.mask_set(irq - 8);
+            pic::MASTER.ack();
+            pic::SLAVE.ack();
+        } else {
+            pic::MASTER.mask_set(irq);
+            pic::MASTER.ack();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn acknowledge(irq: usize) {
+    if irq < 16 {
+        if irq >= 8 {
+            pic::SLAVE.mask_clear(irq as u8 - 8);
+            pic::SLAVE.ack();
+        } else {
+            pic::MASTER.mask_clear(irq as u8);
+            pic::MASTER.ack();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+interrupt!(0, pit, {
+    /// t = 1/f
+    /// pit freq = 1.193182 MHz
+    /// chan0 divisor = 2685
+    /// PIT_RATE in us
+    const PIT_RATE: u32 = 2_251;
+    {
+        let mut offset = time::OFFSET.lock();
+        let sum = offset.1 + PIT_RATE;
+        offset.1 = sum % 1_000_000;
+        offset.0 += sum / 1_000_000;
+    }
+    unsafe { pic::MASTER.ack() };
+});
+
+interrupt!(1, keyboard, {
+    ::keyboard::kbd_callback();
+});
+
+interrupt!(2, cascade, {});
+interrupt!(3, com2, {});
+interrupt!(4, com1, {});
+interrupt!(5, lpt2, {});
+interrupt!(6, floppy, {});
+interrupt!(7, lpt1, {});
+interrupt!(8, rtc, {});
+interrupt!(9, pci1, {});
+interrupt!(10, pci2, {});
+interrupt!(11, pci3, {});
+interrupt!(12, mouse, {});
+interrupt!(13, fpu, {});
+interrupt!(14, ata1, {});
+interrupt!(15, ata2, {});
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/interrupt/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/interrupt/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod exception;
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod irq;
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/linker.ld
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/linker.ld
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+ENTRY(start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf32-i386)
+
+SECTIONS {
+	 /* VGA, cannot use section for this */
+	VGA_PTR = 0xb8000;
+	. = 0xb8000;
+	. += 80 * 25 * 2;
+
+	. = 1M;
+	/* ensure that the multiboot header is at the beginning */
+	.multiboot :
+	{
+		/* KEEP otherwise it gets garbage collected by linker */
+		KEEP(*(.multiboot))
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	.text :
+	{
+		*(.text .text.*)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	.rodata :
+	{
+		*(.rodata .rodata.*)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	.data :
+	{
+		*(.data.rel.ro.local*) *(.data.rel.ro .data.rel.ro.*) *(.data.*)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	/* NOT A GOOD IDEA TO GROUP debug_* SYMBOLS ! */
+	/* .debug : */
+	/* { */
+	/* 	/1* KEEP(*(.debug_*)) *1/ */
+	/* 	*(.debug_*) */
+	/* 	. = ALIGN(4K); */
+	/* } */
+
+	.gdt :
+	{
+		*(.gdt)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	.got :
+	{
+		*(.got)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	.got.plt :
+	{
+		*(.got.plt)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	.bss :
+	{
+		*(.bss .bss.*)
+		. = ALIGN(4K);
+	}
+
+	/* .stab : */
+	/* { */
+	/* 	KEEP(*(.stab)) */
+	/* 	. = ALIGN(4K); */
+	/* } */
+
+	/* .stabstr : */
+	/* { */
+	/* 	KEEP(*(.stabstr)) */
+	/* 	. = ALIGN(4K); */
+	/* } */
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+extern crate x86;
+
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod paging;
+pub mod interrupt;
+pub mod devices;
+pub mod consts;
+
+pub mod gdt;
+pub mod idt;
+
+use multiboot2;
+use acpi;
+
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn x86_rust_start(multiboot_info_addr: usize) {
+    // parse multiboot2 info
+    let boot_info = multiboot2::load(multiboot_info_addr);
+
+    // ACPI must be intialized BEFORE paging is active
+    if let Some(rsdp) = boot_info.rsdp_v2_tag() {
+        acpi::load(rsdp).expect("ACPI failed");
+    } else if let Some(rsdp) = boot_info.rsdp_tag() {
+        acpi::load(rsdp).expect("ACPI failed");
+    } else {
+        acpi::init().expect("ACPI failed");
+    }
+
+    // set up physical allocator
+    ::memory::init(&boot_info);
+
+    // set up virtual addressing (paging)
+    let mut active_table = paging::init(&boot_info);
+
+    // load idt (exceptions + irqs)
+    idt::init();
+
+    // fill and load gdt
+    gdt::init();
+
+    // set up heap
+    ::allocator::init(&mut active_table);
+
+    // set up user stack
+    // use x86::structures::paging::*;
+    // for page in ::USER_STACK_RANGE {
+    //     active_table.map(page, PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+    // }
+
+    // set up pic, pit
+    devices::init();
+
+    // primary CPU entry point, architutecture independant now.
+    ::kmain();
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn switch(ip: u32) -> ! {
+    asm!("push $0; ret" :: "r"(ip) :: "volatile", "intel");
+    unreachable!();
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn usermode(ip: u32, sp: u32) -> ! {
+    // use x86::structures::gdt::{Descriptor, SegmentSelector};
+    // use x86::instructions::segmentation::*;
+    // use x86::PrivilegeLevel::{Ring0, Ring3};
+
+    x86::instructions::interrupts::disable();
+
+    // println!("sp: {:#x}", sp);
+    // println!("ip: {:#x}", ip);
+
+    // load_ds(udata_selector);
+    // asm!("mov $0, %ds" :: "r"(gdt::GDT_USER_DATA << 3 | 3));
+
+    // loop {}
+
+    // load_es(udata_selector);
+    // load_fs(udata_selector);
+    // load_gs(udata_selector);
+
+    use x86::registers::flags;
+    flags::set_flags(flags::Flags::NT);
+
+    // asm!("mov %esp, $0" : "=r" (sp));
+
+    println!("{:#x}", gdt::GDT_KERNEL_DATA.0);
+    println!("{:#x}", sp);
+    println!("{:#x}", 1 << 9);
+    println!("{:#x}", gdt::GDT_KERNEL_CODE.0);
+    println!("{:#x}", ip);
+    flush!();
+
+    asm!("
+         push $0; \
+         push $1; \
+         push $2; \
+         push $3; \
+         push $4"
+         : //no output
+         : "r"(gdt::GDT_USER_DATA.0),
+         "r"(sp),
+         "r"(1 << 9) // interrupt enable flag
+         "r"(gdt::GDT_USER_CODE.0),
+         "r"(ip)
+         : //no clobbers
+         : "intel", "volatile"
+         );
+
+    // loop {}
+
+    asm!("iret");
+
+    unreachable!();
+}
+
+/// Dump control registers
+pub fn regs() {
+    use x86::registers::control::*;
+    use x86::instructions::tables::tr;
+    use x86::instructions::segmentation::*;
+    use x86::registers::flags::*;
+    use x86::structures::gdt;
+    println!("cr0  = {:?}", Cr0::read());
+    println!("cr3  = {:?}", Cr3::read());
+    println!("cr4  = {:?}", Cr4::read());
+    println!("flags= {:?}", flags());
+    println!("tr   = {:?}", tr());
+    println!("ss   = {:?}", ss());
+    println!("cs   = {:?}", cs());
+    println!("ds   = {:?}", ds());
+    println!("es   = {:?}", es());
+    println!("fs   = {:?}", fs());
+    println!("gs   = {:?}", gs());
+    unsafe {
+        println!(
+            "tss = {:#?}",
+            gdt::Descriptor(::arch::x86::gdt::GDT.table[tr().index() as usize])
+        );
+    }
+    flush!();
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/multiboot_header.asm
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/multiboot_header.asm
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+section .multiboot
+header_start:
+align 4
+	dd 0xe85250d6					; magic number (multiboot 2)
+	dd 0							; TODO change it because architecture 0 means(protected mode i386) We could have problem here
+	dd header_end - header_start	; header length
+
+	dd 0x100000000 - (0xe85250d6 + 0 + (header_end - header_start)); checksum
+
+	; insert optional multiboot tags here
+
+	; required end tag
+	dw 0	; type
+	dw 0	; flags
+	dd 8	; size
+header_end:
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/mapper.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/mapper.rs
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use core::ptr::Unique;
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+use x86::instructions::tlb;
+use x86::usize_conversions::usize_from;
+use x86::*;
+use super::table::RecTable;
+
+// virtual address of recursively mapped P2
+// for protected mode non PAE
+// https://wiki.osdev.org/Page_Tables
+pub const P2: *mut PageTable = 0xffff_f000 as *mut _;
+
+pub struct Mapper {
+    pub p2: Unique<PageTable>,
+}
+
+impl Mapper {
+    pub unsafe fn new() -> Mapper {
+        Mapper {
+            p2: Unique::new_unchecked(self::P2),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // the remaining mapping methods, all public
+    pub fn p2(&self) -> &PageTable {
+        unsafe { self.p2.as_ref() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn p2_mut(&mut self) -> &mut PageTable {
+        unsafe { self.p2.as_mut() }
+    }
+
+    /// virtual addr to physical addr translation
+    pub fn translate(&self, virtual_address: VirtAddr) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
+        let offset = virtual_address.as_u32() % PAGE_SIZE as u32;
+        self.translate_page(Page::containing_address(virtual_address))
+            .map(|frame| frame.start_address() + offset)
+    }
+
+    /// virtual page to physical frame translation
+    pub fn translate_page(&self, page: Page) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        let p1 = self.p2().next_table(usize_from(u32::from(page.p2_index())));
+
+        let huge_page = || {
+            let p2_entry = &self.p2()[page.p2_index()];
+            if let Some(start_frame) = p2_entry.pointed_frame() {
+                if p2_entry.flags().contains(PageTableFlags::HUGE_PAGE) {
+                    // TODO 4MiB alignment check
+                    return Some(start_frame + u32::from(page.p1_index()));
+                }
+            }
+            None
+        };
+
+        p1.and_then(|p1| p1[page.p1_index()].pointed_frame())
+            .or_else(huge_page)
+    }
+
+    /// map a virtual page to a physical frame in the page tables
+    pub fn map_to(&mut self, page: Page, frame: PhysFrame, flags: PageTableFlags) {
+        let p2 = self.p2_mut();
+        let p1 = p2.next_table_create(usize_from(u32::from(page.p2_index())));
+        assert!(p1[page.p1_index()].is_unused());
+        p1[page.p1_index()].set(frame, flags | PageTableFlags::PRESENT);
+    }
+
+    pub fn map(&mut self, page: Page, flags: PageTableFlags) {
+        let frame = ::memory::allocate_frames(1).expect("out of frames");
+        self.map_to(page, frame, flags)
+    }
+
+    pub fn identity_map(&mut self, frame: PhysFrame, flags: PageTableFlags) {
+        let virt_addr = VirtAddr::new(frame.start_address().as_u32());
+        let page = Page::containing_address(virt_addr);
+        self.map_to(page, frame, flags);
+    }
+
+    pub fn unmap(&mut self, page: Page) {
+        assert!(self.translate(page.start_address()).is_some());
+
+        let p1 = self.p2_mut()
+            .next_table_mut(usize_from(u32::from(page.p2_index())))
+            .expect("mapping code does not support huge pages");
+        let frame = p1[page.p1_index()].pointed_frame().unwrap();
+        p1[page.p1_index()].set_unused();
+        tlb::flush(page.start_address());
+        ::memory::deallocate_frames(frame, 1);
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+mod table;
+mod temporary_page;
+mod mapper;
+
+// use memory::*;
+use self::mapper::Mapper;
+use self::temporary_page::TemporaryPage;
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use multiboot2::BootInformation;
+use x86::*;
+use x86::registers::control::Cr3;
+use x86::instructions::tlb;
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+use multiboot2;
+
+/// should be called only once
+pub fn init(boot_info: &multiboot2::BootInformation) -> ActivePageTable {
+    use x86::registers::control::*;
+    Cr4::add(Cr4Flags::PSE);
+    Cr0::add(Cr0Flags::PAGING | Cr0Flags::WRITE_PROTECT);
+
+    let active_table = remap_the_kernel(boot_info);
+
+    active_table
+}
+
+pub struct ActivePageTable {
+    mapper: Mapper,
+}
+
+impl Deref for ActivePageTable {
+    type Target = Mapper;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Mapper {
+        &self.mapper
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for ActivePageTable {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Mapper {
+        &mut self.mapper
+    }
+}
+
+impl ActivePageTable {
+    pub unsafe fn new() -> ActivePageTable {
+        ActivePageTable {
+            mapper: Mapper::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        table: &mut InactivePageTable,
+        temporary_page: &mut temporary_page::TemporaryPage,
+        f: F,
+    ) where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Mapper),
+    {
+        let (cr3_back, _cr3flags_back) = Cr3::read();
+
+        // map temp page to current p2
+        let p2_table = temporary_page.map_table_frame(cr3_back.clone(), self);
+
+        // overwrite recursive map
+        self.p2_mut()[1023].set(
+            table.p2_frame.clone(),
+            PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE,
+        );
+        tlb::flush_all();
+
+        // execute f in the new context
+        f(self);
+
+        // restore recursive mapping to original p2 table
+        p2_table[1023].set(cr3_back, PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch(&mut self, new_table: InactivePageTable) -> InactivePageTable {
+        let (p2_frame, cr3_flags) = Cr3::read();
+        let old_table = InactivePageTable { p2_frame };
+
+        unsafe {
+            Cr3::write(new_table.p2_frame, cr3_flags);
+        }
+
+        old_table
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct InactivePageTable {
+    p2_frame: PhysFrame,
+}
+
+impl InactivePageTable {
+    pub fn new(
+        frame: PhysFrame,
+        active_table: &mut ActivePageTable,
+        temporary_page: &mut TemporaryPage,
+    ) -> InactivePageTable {
+        {
+            let table = temporary_page.map_table_frame(frame.clone(), active_table);
+
+            table.zero();
+            // set up recursive mapping for the table
+            table[1023].set(
+                frame.clone(),
+                PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE,
+            )
+        }
+        temporary_page.unmap(active_table);
+        InactivePageTable { p2_frame: frame }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn remap_the_kernel(boot_info: &BootInformation) -> ActivePageTable {
+    let mut temporary_page = TemporaryPage::new(Page { number: 0xcafe });
+    let mut active_table = unsafe { ActivePageTable::new() };
+    let mut new_table = {
+        let frame = ::memory::allocate_frames(1).expect("no more frames");
+        InactivePageTable::new(frame, &mut active_table, &mut temporary_page)
+    };
+
+    active_table.with(&mut new_table, &mut temporary_page, |mapper| {
+        // id map vga buffer
+        let vga_buffer_frame = PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(0xb8000));
+        mapper.identity_map(vga_buffer_frame, PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+
+        let elf_sections_tag = boot_info
+            .elf_sections_tag()
+            .expect("Memory map tag required");
+
+        // id map kernel sections
+        for section in elf_sections_tag.sections() {
+            if !section.is_allocated() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            assert!(
+                section.start_address() % PAGE_SIZE as u64 == 0,
+                "sections need to be page aligned"
+            );
+
+            let flags = elf_to_pagetable_flags(&section.flags());
+            let start_frame =
+                PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(section.start_address() as u32));
+            let end_frame =
+                PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(section.end_address() as u32 - 1));
+            for frame in start_frame..end_frame + 1 {
+                mapper.identity_map(frame, flags);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // id map multiboot
+        let multiboot_start =
+            PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(boot_info.start_address() as u32));
+        let multiboot_end =
+            PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(boot_info.end_address() as u32 - 1));
+        for frame in multiboot_start..multiboot_end + 1 {
+            mapper.identity_map(frame, PageTableFlags::PRESENT);
+        }
+    });
+
+    let old_table = active_table.switch(new_table);
+
+    let old_p2_page =
+        Page::containing_address(VirtAddr::new(old_table.p2_frame.start_address().as_u32()));
+
+    active_table.unmap(old_p2_page);
+
+    active_table
+}
+
+fn elf_to_pagetable_flags(elf_flags: &multiboot2::ElfSectionFlags) -> PageTableFlags {
+    use multiboot2::ElfSectionFlags;
+
+    let mut flags = PageTableFlags::empty();
+
+    if elf_flags.contains(ElfSectionFlags::ALLOCATED) {
+        // section is loaded to memory
+        flags = flags | PageTableFlags::PRESENT;
+    }
+    if elf_flags.contains(ElfSectionFlags::WRITABLE) {
+        flags = flags | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+    }
+
+    flags
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/table.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/table.rs
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+
+pub trait RecTable {
+    fn next_table_address(&self, index: usize) -> Option<u32>;
+    fn next_table(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&PageTable>;
+    fn next_table_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> Option<&mut PageTable>;
+    fn next_table_create(&mut self, index: usize) -> &mut PageTable;
+}
+
+impl RecTable for PageTable {
+    fn next_table_address(&self, index: usize) -> Option<u32> {
+        let entry_flags = self[index].flags();
+        if entry_flags.contains(PageTableFlags::PRESENT)
+            && !entry_flags.contains(PageTableFlags::HUGE_PAGE)
+        {
+            let table_address = self as *const _ as usize;
+            Some((table_address << 10 | index << 12) as u32)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next_table(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&PageTable> {
+        self.next_table_address(index)
+            .map(|address| unsafe { &*(address as *const _) })
+    }
+
+    fn next_table_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> Option<&mut PageTable> {
+        self.next_table_address(index)
+            .map(|address| unsafe { &mut *(address as *mut _) })
+    }
+
+    fn next_table_create(&mut self, index: usize) -> &mut PageTable {
+        if self.next_table(index).is_none() {
+            assert!(
+                !self[index].flags().contains(PageTableFlags::HUGE_PAGE),
+                "mapping code does not support huge pages"
+            );
+            let frame = ::memory::allocate_frames(1).expect("out of memory");
+            self[index].set(frame, PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+            self.next_table_mut(index)
+                .expect("next_table_mut gave None")
+                .zero()
+        }
+        self.next_table_mut(index).expect("no next table 2")
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/temporary_page.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/paging/temporary_page.rs
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use super::ActivePageTable;
+use x86::*;
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+
+pub struct TemporaryPage {
+    pub page: Page,
+}
+
+impl TemporaryPage {
+    pub fn new(page: Page) -> TemporaryPage {
+        TemporaryPage { page: page }
+    }
+
+    /// Maps the temporary page to the given frame in the active table.
+    /// Returns the start address of the temporary page.
+    pub fn map(&mut self, frame: PhysFrame, active_table: &mut ActivePageTable) -> VirtAddr {
+        assert!(
+            active_table.translate_page(self.page).is_none(),
+            "temporary page is already mapped"
+        );
+        active_table.map_to(self.page, frame, PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+        // this kind of check should be done in a test routine
+        assert!(
+            active_table.translate_page(self.page).is_some(),
+            "temporary page was not mapped"
+        );
+        self.page.start_address()
+    }
+
+    /// Unmaps the temporary page in the active table.
+    pub fn unmap(&mut self, active_table: &mut ActivePageTable) {
+        active_table.unmap(self.page)
+    }
+
+    /// Maps the temporary page to the given page table frame in the active
+    /// table. Returns a reference to the now mapped table.
+    pub fn map_table_frame(
+        &mut self,
+        frame: PhysFrame,
+        active_table: &mut ActivePageTable,
+    ) -> &mut PageTable {
+        unsafe { &mut *(self.map(frame, active_table).as_u32() as *mut PageTable) }
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/start.asm
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/arch/x86/start.asm
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+global x86_start
+extern x86_rust_start
+
+section .text
+bits 32
+x86_start:
+	mov ax, 0x10 ; 16 bytes (0x10) is where the offset for data section (gdt_ds)
+	mov ds, ax
+	mov ss, ax
+	mov es, ax
+	mov ax, 0x0 ; fuck fs & gs, fuck them.
+	mov fs, ax
+	mov gs, ax
+
+	call x86_rust_start
+HALT:
+	hlt
+	jmp HALT
--- a/kernel-rs/src/console.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/console.rs
@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use vga::*;
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+pub static mut CONSOLE: Console = self::Console::new();
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref COMMANDS: BTreeMap<&'static str, fn()> = {
+        let mut commands = BTreeMap::new();
+        commands.insert("help", self::help as fn());
+
+        // ACPI
+        commands.insert("acpi", ::acpi::info as fn());
+        commands.insert("reboot", ::acpi::reboot as fn());
+        commands.insert("shutdown", ::acpi::shutdown as fn());
+
+        // time
+        commands.insert("uptime", ::time::uptime as fn());
+
+        // cpu
+        use arch::x86;
+        commands.insert("cpu", x86::devices::cpu::cpu_info as fn());
+        commands.insert("regs", x86::regs as fn());
+        commands.insert("int3", ::x86::instructions::interrupts::int3 as fn());
+
+        //memory
+        commands.insert("stack", ::memory::print_stack as fn());
+        commands.insert("page_fault", ::memory::page_fault as fn());
+        commands.insert("overflow", ::memory::overflow as fn());
+
+        //pci
+        commands.insert("lspci", ::pci::lspci as fn());
+        commands
+    };
+}
+
+fn help() {
+    println!("The following commands are available:");
+    for (key, _val) in COMMANDS.iter() {
+        println!("{}", key);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Console {
+    command: [u8; 10],
+    command_len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Console {
+    pub const fn new() -> Console {
+        Console {
+            command: [b'\0'; 10],
+            command_len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn init(&self) {
+        set_color!();
+        // print!("{}", format_args!("{: ^4000}", r#" "#));
+        unsafe {
+            // VGA.buffer_pos = 0;
+            self.prompt();
+            VGA.flush();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn backspace(&mut self) {
+        if self.command_len > 0 {
+            self.command_len -= 1;
+            unsafe { VGA.erase_byte(); }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn prompt(&self) {
+        set_color!(Blue);
+        unsafe { VGA.write_str("> "); }
+        set_color!();
+        flush!();
+    }
+
+    pub fn keypress(&mut self, ascii: u8) {
+        match ascii {
+            b'\n' if self.command_len == 0 => {
+                unsafe { VGA.write_byte(b'\n'); }
+                self.prompt();
+            }
+            b'\n' => {
+                unsafe { VGA.write_byte(b'\n'); }
+                self.exec();
+                self.command_len = 0;
+                self.prompt();
+            }
+            // _ if self.command_len >= 10 => (),
+            // byte if self.command_len == 0 && byte == b' ' => (),
+            byte => {
+                if self.command_len >= 10 {
+                    return;
+                };
+                self.command[self.command_len] = byte;
+                unsafe { VGA.write_byte(byte); }
+                self.command_len += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        unsafe { VGA.flush(); }
+    }
+
+    fn get_command(&self) -> Result<fn(), &'static str> {
+        match core::str::from_utf8(&self.command) {
+            Ok(y) => {
+                if let Some(command) = COMMANDS.get(&y[..self.command_len]) {
+                    Ok(*command)
+                } else {
+                    Err("Command not found, try help")
+                }
+            },
+            Err(_) => Err("Command is not utf8"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn exec(&self) {
+        let command = self.get_command();
+        match command {
+            Err(msg) => println!("{}", msg),
+            Ok(func) => (func)(),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/keyboard.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/keyboard.rs
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+use console;
+use x86::devices::io::{Io, Pio};
+
+const MAX_KEYS: usize = 59;
+const KEYMAP_US: [[u8; 2]; MAX_KEYS] = [
+    *b"\0\0",
+    *b"\0\0",//escape
+    *b"1!",
+    *b"2@",
+    *b"3#",
+    *b"4$",
+    *b"5%",
+    *b"6^",
+    *b"7&",
+    *b"8*",
+    *b"9(",
+    *b"0)",
+    *b"-_",
+    *b"=+",
+    *b"\0\0",//backspace
+    *b"\0\0",//tab
+    *b"qQ",
+    *b"wW",
+    *b"eE",
+    *b"rR",
+    *b"tT",
+    *b"yY",
+    *b"uU",
+    *b"iI",
+    *b"oO",
+    *b"pP",
+    *b"[{",
+    *b"]}",
+    *b"\n\n",
+    *b"\0\0",//left_control
+    *b"aA",
+    *b"sS",
+    *b"dD",
+    *b"fF",
+    *b"gG",
+    *b"hH",
+    *b"jJ",
+    *b"kK",
+    *b"lL",
+    *b";:",
+    *b"'\"",
+    *b"`~",
+    *b"\0\0",//left shift
+    *b"\\|",
+    *b"zZ",
+    *b"xX",
+    *b"cC",
+    *b"vV",
+    *b"bB",
+    *b"nN",
+    *b"mM",
+    *b",<",
+    *b".>",
+    *b"/?",
+    *b"\0\0",//right shift
+    *b"**",
+    *b"\0\0",//left alt
+    *b"  ",
+    *b"\0\0",//capslock
+    ];
+
+pub static mut PS2: Ps2 = Ps2::new();
+
+pub struct Ps2 {
+    status: Pio<u8>,
+    data: Pio<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Ps2 {
+    pub const fn new() -> Ps2 {
+        Ps2 {
+            status: Pio::new(0x64),
+            data: Pio::new(0x60),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_buffer(&self) {
+        let mut buffer: u8 = 0x02;
+        while buffer & 0x02 != 0 {
+            self.data.read();
+            buffer = self.status.read();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ps2_8042_reset(&mut self) {
+        use x86::instructions::interrupts;
+        interrupts::disable();
+        self.clear_buffer();
+        self.status.write(0xFE);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_scancode(&self) -> u8 {
+        let mut scancode = 0;
+        loop {
+            if self.data.read() != scancode {
+                scancode = self.data.read();
+                if scancode > 0 {
+                    return scancode;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const TOUCH_RELEASE: u8 = 1 << 7;
+
+fn check_key_state(key: u8) -> (bool, usize) {
+    if (key & TOUCH_RELEASE) == TOUCH_RELEASE {
+        (true, (key - TOUCH_RELEASE) as usize)
+    } else {
+        (false, key as usize)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn kbd_callback() {
+    static mut SHIFT: bool = false;
+    static mut CTRL: bool = false;
+    static mut ALT: bool = false;
+    let scancode = unsafe { PS2.get_scancode() };
+    let (is_release, scancode) = check_key_state(scancode);
+    unsafe {
+        //TODO remove unsafe
+        match self::KEYMAP_US.get(scancode as usize) {
+            Some(b"\0\0") => match scancode {
+                0x2A | 0x36 => SHIFT = !is_release,
+                0x38 => ALT = !is_release,
+                0x1D => CTRL = !is_release,
+                0x0E if !is_release => {
+                    console::CONSOLE.backspace();
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            },
+            Some(ascii) if !is_release => {
+                let sym = if SHIFT { ascii[1] } else { ascii[0] };
+                console::CONSOLE.keypress(sym);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/lib.rs
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//! project hosted on [github](https://github.com/jzck/kernel)
+
+// nightly stuff we need
+#![no_std]
+#![feature(lang_items)]
+#![feature(naked_functions)]
+#![feature(const_fn)]
+#![feature(ptr_internals)]
+#![feature(asm)]
+#![feature(thread_local)]
+// home made heap
+#![feature(alloc)]
+#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
+#![feature(allocator_api)]
+// x86 specific
+#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
+
+// extern crate core;
+extern crate alloc;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+extern crate multiboot2;
+extern crate raw_cpuid;
+extern crate rlibc;
+extern crate slab_allocator;
+extern crate spin;
+
+extern crate bitflags;
+
+// used by arch/x86, need conditional compilation here
+extern crate x86;
+
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod vga;
+pub mod keyboard;
+pub mod console;
+pub mod acpi;
+pub mod allocator;
+pub mod memory;
+pub mod arch;
+pub use arch::x86::consts::*;
+pub mod scheduling;
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub mod time;
+pub mod pci;
+
+/// kernel entry point.
+/// ::arch is responsible for calling this once the core has loaded.
+pub fn kmain() -> ! {
+    // memory init after heap is available
+    // memory::init_noncore();
+
+    // unsafe VGA
+    unsafe { console::CONSOLE.init(); }
+
+    if let Some(ide) = pci::get_first(0x1, 0x1) {
+        println!("found IDE at slot {}", ide.slot);
+        pci::ide::init(ide);
+    }
+
+    // scheduler WIP
+    // scheduling::schedule();
+    unreachable!();
+}
+
+#[lang = "eh_personality"]
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn eh_personality() {}
+
+#[panic_handler]
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn panic_fmt(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    println!("{}", info);
+    flush!();
+    loop {}
+}
+
+#[global_allocator]
+pub static ALLOCATOR: slab_allocator::LockedHeap = slab_allocator::LockedHeap::empty();
--- a/kernel-rs/src/memory/bump.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/memory/bump.rs
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use multiboot2::{MemoryArea, MemoryAreaIter};
+use x86::*;
+use x86::structures::paging::PhysFrame;
+use super::FrameAllocator;
+
+pub struct BumpFrameAllocator {
+    next_free_frame: PhysFrame,
+    current_area: Option<&'static MemoryArea>,
+    areas: MemoryAreaIter,
+    kernel_start: PhysFrame,
+    kernel_end: PhysFrame,
+    multiboot_start: PhysFrame,
+    multiboot_end: PhysFrame,
+}
+
+impl BumpFrameAllocator {
+    pub fn new(
+        kernel_start: usize,
+        kernel_end: usize,
+        multiboot_start: usize,
+        multiboot_end: usize,
+        memory_areas: MemoryAreaIter,
+    ) -> BumpFrameAllocator {
+        let mut allocator = BumpFrameAllocator {
+            next_free_frame: PhysFrame { number: 0 },
+            current_area: None,
+            areas: memory_areas,
+            kernel_start: PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(kernel_start as u32)),
+            kernel_end: PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(kernel_end as u32)),
+            multiboot_start: PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(multiboot_start as u32)),
+            multiboot_end: PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(multiboot_end as u32)),
+        };
+        allocator.choose_next_area();
+        allocator
+    }
+
+    fn choose_next_area(&mut self) {
+        // get next area with free frames
+        self.current_area = self.areas
+            .clone()
+            .filter(|area| {
+                area.end_address() >= self.next_free_frame.start_address().as_u32() as usize
+            })
+            .min_by_key(|area| area.start_address());
+
+        if let Some(area) = self.current_area {
+            let start_frame =
+                PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(area.start_address() as u32));
+            if self.next_free_frame < start_frame {
+                self.next_free_frame = start_frame;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameAllocator for BumpFrameAllocator {
+    fn allocate_frames(&mut self, count: usize) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        if count == 0 {
+            return None;
+        };
+        // println!("allocate {}", count);
+        // println!("kstart {:?}", self.kernel_start);
+        // println!("kend {:?}", self.kernel_end);
+        // println!("multiboot start {:?}", self.multiboot_start);
+        // println!("multiboot end {:?}", self.multiboot_end);
+        // flush!();
+        if let Some(area) = self.current_area {
+            let start_frame = PhysFrame {
+                number: self.next_free_frame.number,
+            };
+            let end_frame = PhysFrame {
+                number: self.next_free_frame.number + count as u32 - 1,
+            };
+
+            let current_area_last_frame =
+                PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(area.end_address() as u32));
+
+            if end_frame > current_area_last_frame {
+                // all frames are taken in this area
+                self.choose_next_area();
+            } else if (start_frame >= self.kernel_start && start_frame <= self.kernel_end)
+                || (end_frame >= self.kernel_start && end_frame <= self.kernel_end)
+            {
+                // frame used by kernel
+                self.next_free_frame = PhysFrame {
+                    number: self.kernel_end.number + 1,
+                };
+            } else if (start_frame >= self.multiboot_start && start_frame <= self.multiboot_end)
+                || (end_frame >= self.multiboot_start && end_frame <= self.multiboot_end)
+            {
+                // frame used by multiboot
+                self.next_free_frame = PhysFrame {
+                    number: self.multiboot_end.number + 1,
+                };
+            } else {
+                self.next_free_frame.number += count as u32;
+                return Some(start_frame);
+            }
+            // try again with next_free_frame
+            self.allocate_frames(count)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn deallocate_frames(&mut self, frame: PhysFrame, count: usize) {
+        // bump doesnt deallocate, must be used inside of a recycler
+        println!(
+            "lost frames {:#x} ({})",
+            frame.start_address().as_u32(),
+            count
+        );
+        // unimplemented!();
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/memory/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/memory/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+mod bump;
+mod recycle;
+// mod stack_allocator;
+
+use multiboot2;
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+
+use self::bump::BumpFrameAllocator;
+use self::recycle::RecycleAllocator;
+// use self::stack_allocator::{Stack, StackAllocator};
+
+pub trait FrameAllocator {
+    fn allocate_frames(&mut self, size: usize) -> Option<PhysFrame>;
+    fn deallocate_frames(&mut self, frame: PhysFrame, size: usize);
+}
+
+pub struct MemoryControler {
+    frame_allocator: RecycleAllocator<BumpFrameAllocator>,
+    // stack_allocator: StackAllocator,
+}
+
+static mut MEMORY_CONTROLER: Option<MemoryControler> = None;
+
+pub fn init(boot_info: &multiboot2::BootInformation) {
+    let elf_sections_tag = boot_info.elf_sections_tag().unwrap();
+    let memory_map_tag = boot_info.memory_map_tag().unwrap();
+
+    let kernel_start = elf_sections_tag
+        .sections()
+        .filter(|s| s.is_allocated())
+        .map(|s| s.start_address())
+        .min()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let kernel_end = elf_sections_tag
+        .sections()
+        .filter(|s| s.is_allocated())
+        .map(|s| s.start_address() + s.size())
+        .max()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let bump_allocator = BumpFrameAllocator::new(
+        kernel_start as usize,
+        kernel_end as usize,
+        boot_info.start_address(),
+        boot_info.end_address(),
+        memory_map_tag.memory_areas(),
+    );
+
+    let frame_allocator = RecycleAllocator::new(bump_allocator);
+    // let stack_allocator = StackAllocator::new(::USER_STACK_RANGE);
+
+    unsafe {
+        MEMORY_CONTROLER = Some(MemoryControler {
+            frame_allocator,
+            // stack_allocator,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn allocate_frames(count: usize) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+    unsafe {
+        if let Some(ref mut controler) = MEMORY_CONTROLER {
+            controler.frame_allocator.allocate_frames(count)
+        } else {
+            panic!("frame allocator not initialized!");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn deallocate_frames(frame: PhysFrame, count: usize) {
+    unsafe {
+        if let Some(ref mut controler) = MEMORY_CONTROLER {
+            controler.frame_allocator.deallocate_frames(frame, count)
+        } else {
+            panic!("frame allocator not initialized!");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// pub fn allocate_stack(mut active_table: &mut ActivePageTable) -> Option<Stack> {
+//     unsafe {
+//         if let Some(ref mut controler) = MEMORY_CONTROLER {
+//             controler
+//                 .stack_allocator
+//                 .allocate_stack(&mut active_table, 4)
+//         } else {
+//             panic!("frame allocator not initialized!");
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+
+/// Init memory module after core
+/// Must be called once, and only once,
+pub fn init_noncore() {
+    unsafe {
+        if let Some(ref mut controler) = MEMORY_CONTROLER {
+            controler.frame_allocator.set_core(true);
+        } else {
+            panic!("frame allocator not initialized");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// for console
+#[allow(unconditional_recursion)]
+pub fn overflow() {
+    overflow();
+}
+
+/// for console
+pub fn page_fault() {
+    unsafe {
+        *(0xdead as *mut u32) = 42;
+    };
+}
+
+/// Print the kernel stack
+pub fn print_stack() {
+    fn hexdump(start: usize, end: usize) {
+        let mut address = 0;
+        let data = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(start as *mut u8, end - start) };
+        while address <= data.len() {
+            let next_end = core::cmp::min(address + 16, data.len());
+            print_line(&data[address..next_end], address + start);
+            address = address + 16;
+        }
+        println!("");
+    }
+
+    fn is_control(c: char) -> bool {
+        !(c >= ' ' && c <= '~')
+    }
+
+    fn print_line(line: &[u8], address: usize) {
+        print!("\n{:#08x}: ", address);
+        for byte in line {
+            print!("{:02x} ", *byte);
+        }
+        let length: usize = 16 - line.len();
+        for _ in 0..length {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("|");
+        for byte in line {
+            match is_control(*byte as char) {
+                true => print!("."),
+                false => print!("{}", *byte as char),
+            };
+        }
+        print!("|");
+    }
+
+    let esp: usize;
+    let ebp: usize;
+    unsafe { asm!("" : "={esp}"(esp), "={ebp}"(ebp):::) };
+    println!("esp = {:#x}", esp);
+    println!("ebp = {:#x}", ebp);
+    println!("size = {:#X} bytes", ebp - esp);
+    hexdump(esp, ebp);
+    flush!();
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/memory/recycle.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/memory/recycle.rs
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//! Recycle allocator
+//! Uses freed frames if possible, then uses inner allocator
+
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use x86::*;
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+use super::*;
+
+pub struct RecycleAllocator<T: FrameAllocator> {
+    inner: T,
+    core: bool,
+    free: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+}
+
+impl<T: FrameAllocator> RecycleAllocator<T> {
+    pub fn new(inner: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: inner,
+            core: true,
+            free: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_core(&mut self, core: bool) {
+        self.core = core;
+    }
+
+    fn merge(&mut self, address: usize, count: usize) -> bool {
+        for i in 0..self.free.len() {
+            let changed = {
+                let free = &mut self.free[i];
+                if address + count * 4096 == free.0 {
+                    free.0 = address;
+                    free.1 += count;
+                    true
+                } else if free.0 + free.1 * 4096 == address {
+                    free.1 += count;
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            };
+
+            if changed {
+                //TODO: Use do not use recursion
+                let (address, count) = self.free[i];
+                if self.merge(address, count) {
+                    self.free.remove(i);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: FrameAllocator> FrameAllocator for RecycleAllocator<T> {
+    fn allocate_frames(&mut self, count: usize) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        let mut small_i = None;
+        {
+            let mut small = (0, 0);
+            for i in 0..self.free.len() {
+                let free = self.free[i];
+                // Later entries can be removed faster
+                if free.1 >= count {
+                    if free.1 <= small.1 || small_i.is_none() {
+                        small_i = Some(i);
+                        small = free;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(i) = small_i {
+            let (address, remove) = {
+                let free = &mut self.free[i];
+                free.1 -= count;
+                (free.0 + free.1 * 4096, free.1 == 0)
+            };
+
+            if remove {
+                self.free.remove(i);
+            }
+
+            //println!("Restoring frame {:?}, {}", frame, count);
+            Some(PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(address as u32)))
+        } else {
+            //println!("No saved frames {}", count);
+            self.inner.allocate_frames(count)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn deallocate_frames(&mut self, frame: PhysFrame, count: usize) {
+        // we cant use vec! before the heap has been initialized
+        if self.core {
+            self.inner.deallocate_frames(frame, count);
+        } else {
+            let address = frame.start_address().as_u32() as usize;
+            if !self.merge(address, count) {
+                self.free.push((address, count));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/memory/stack_allocator.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/memory/stack_allocator.rs
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use x86::structures::paging::*;
+use arch::x86::paging::ActivePageTable;
+use memory::*;
+use core::ops::Range;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Stack {
+    pub top: u32,
+    pub bottom: u32,
+}
+
+impl Stack {
+    fn new(top: u32, bottom: u32) -> Stack {
+        assert!(top > bottom);
+        Stack { top, bottom }
+    }
+
+    pub fn top(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.top
+    }
+
+    pub fn bottom(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.bottom
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct StackAllocator {
+    range: Range<Page>,
+}
+
+impl StackAllocator {
+    pub fn new(range: Range<Page>) -> StackAllocator {
+        StackAllocator { range }
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocate_stack(
+        &mut self,
+        active_table: &mut ActivePageTable,
+        size_in_pages: usize,
+    ) -> Option<Stack> {
+        if size_in_pages == 0 {
+            return None; /* a zero sized stack makes no sense */
+        }
+
+        // clone the range, since we only want to change it on success
+        let mut range = self.range.clone();
+
+        // try to allocate the stack pages and a guard page
+        let guard_page = range.next();
+        let stack_start = range.next();
+        let stack_end = if size_in_pages == 1 {
+            stack_start
+        } else {
+            // choose the (size_in_pages-2)th element, since index
+            // starts at 0 and we already allocated the start page
+            range.nth(size_in_pages - 2)
+        };
+
+        match (guard_page, stack_start, stack_end) {
+            (Some(_), Some(start), Some(end)) => {
+                // success! write back updated range
+                self.range = range.clone();
+
+                // map stack pages to physical frames
+                for page in range {
+                    active_table.map(page, PageTableFlags::WRITABLE);
+                }
+
+                // create a new stack
+                let top_of_stack = end.start_address().as_u32() + PAGE_SIZE as u32;
+                Some(Stack::new(top_of_stack, start.start_address().as_u32()))
+            }
+            _ => None, /* not enough pages */
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/pci/ide.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/pci/ide.rs
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn init(drive: Pci) {
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/pci/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/pci/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// https://wiki.osdev.org/PCI
+use x86::devices::io::{Pio, Io};
+use alloc::vec::*;
+
+pub mod ide;
+
+pub static mut PCI_CONFIG_ADDRESS: Pio<u32> = Pio::new(0xCF8);
+pub static mut PCI_CONFIG_DATA: Pio<u32> = Pio::new(0xCFC);
+
+pub struct Pci {
+    pub bus: u32,
+    pub slot: u32,
+    pub func: u32,
+    pub device: u16,
+    pub vendor: u16,
+    pub class: u8,
+    pub subclass: u8,
+    pub header_type: u8,
+}
+
+pub fn lspci() {
+    for pci in self::get_all() {
+        println!("{}", pci);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_all() -> Vec<Pci> {
+    let bus = 0;
+    let mut slot = 0;
+    let mut pcis: Vec<Pci> = Vec::new();
+
+    while let Some(pci)= pci_get(bus, slot, 0) {
+        if pci.header_type & 0x80 != 0 {
+            let mut func = 0;
+            while let Some(pci)= pci_get(bus, slot, func) {
+                // device has multiple functions
+                pcis.push(pci);
+                func += 1;
+                if func == 7 {break;}
+            }
+        }
+        pcis.push(pci);
+        slot += 1;
+        if slot == 32 {break;}
+    }
+    pcis
+}
+
+pub fn get_first(class: u8, subclass: u8) -> Option<Pci> {
+    let bus = 0;
+    let mut slot = 0;
+
+    while let Some(pci)= pci_get(bus, slot, 0) {
+        if pci.class == class && pci.subclass == subclass {
+            return Some(pci);
+        }
+        if pci.header_type & 0x80 != 0 {
+            let mut func = 0;
+            while let Some(pci)= pci_get(bus, slot, func) {
+                // device has multiple functions
+                if pci.class == class && pci.subclass == subclass {
+                    return Some(pci);
+                }
+                func += 1;
+                if func == 7 {break;}
+            }
+        }
+        slot += 1;
+        if slot == 32 {break;}
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+pub fn pci_get(bus: u32, slot: u32, func: u32) -> Option<Pci> {
+    let vendor = pci_config_read_word(bus, slot, func, 0);
+    if vendor == 0xffff { return None }
+    let pci = Pci {bus, slot, func, vendor,
+        device: pci_config_read_word(bus, slot, func, 2),
+        subclass: pci_config_read_byte(bus, slot, func, 10),
+        class: pci_config_read_byte(bus, slot, func, 11),
+        header_type: pci_config_read_byte(bus, slot, func, 14),
+    };
+    Some(pci)
+}
+
+use core::fmt;
+impl fmt::Display for Pci {
+     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+             write!(f, "{}:{}.{} {:#x},{:#x} {:#x} {:#x}",
+                    self.bus, self.slot, self.func,
+                    self.class, self.subclass,
+                    self.vendor, self.device);
+             Ok(())
+     }
+}
+
+// pub fn pci_display(bus: u32, slot: u32, function: u32) {
+//     let vendor = pci_config_read_word(bus, slot, function, 0);
+//     let device = pci_config_read_word(bus, slot, function, 2);
+//     println!("{}:{}.{} {:#x},{:#x}: {:#x} {:#x}",
+//              bus, slot, function, class, subclass, vendor, device);
+// }
+
+pub fn pci_access(bus: u32, slot: u32, func: u32, offset: u32) {
+    let address = (bus as u32) << 16
+        | (slot as u32) << 11
+        | (func as u32) << 8
+        | (offset as u32) & 0xfc
+        | 0x80000000;
+    unsafe { PCI_CONFIG_ADDRESS.write(address); }
+}
+
+pub fn pci_config_read_doubleword(bus: u32, slot: u32, func: u32, offset: u32) -> u32 {
+    pci_access(bus, slot, func, offset);
+    unsafe { PCI_CONFIG_DATA.read() }
+}
+
+pub fn pci_config_read_word(bus: u32, slot: u32, func: u32, offset: u32) -> u16 {
+    pci_access(bus, slot, func, offset);
+    unsafe { (PCI_CONFIG_DATA.read() >> ((offset & 2) * 8)) as u16 }
+}
+
+pub fn pci_config_read_byte(bus: u32, slot: u32, func: u32, offset: u32) -> u8 {
+    pci_access(bus, slot, func, offset);
+    unsafe { (PCI_CONFIG_DATA.read() >> ((offset & 3) * 8)) as u8 }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/fifo.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/fifo.rs
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//! simple first come first serve scheduling algorithm
+//! unsound for everyday use, a process can decide to
+//! hijack the cpu, also it only allows for terminating
+//! processes...
+//! however it's stupid simple to implement!
+
+use alloc::collections::vec_deque::VecDeque;
+
+use super::*;
+// use super::process::*;
+
+pub struct Fifo {
+    list: VecDeque<Process>,
+    next_pid: i32,
+}
+
+impl Fifo {
+    pub fn new() -> Fifo {
+        Fifo {
+            list: VecDeque::new(),
+            next_pid: 1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Scheduler for Fifo {
+    fn add_task(&mut self, ip: u32) {
+        let p = Process::new(self.next_pid, ip);
+        self.list.push_back(p);
+        self.next_pid += 1;
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Process> {
+        self.list.pop_front()
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+mod process;
+mod sleep;
+
+mod fifo;
+
+use spin::Mutex;
+pub use self::process::*; 
+lazy_static! {
+    pub static ref SCHEDULER: Mutex<fifo::Fifo> = Mutex::new({
+        let init_process: u32 = self::init as *const () as u32;
+        let mut f = fifo::Fifo::new();
+        f.add_task(init_process);
+        f
+    });
+}
+
+/// Scheduler algorithm needs to implement this
+pub trait Scheduler {
+    fn add_task(&mut self, ip: u32);
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Process>;
+}
+
+pub fn schedule() {
+    loop {
+        if let Some(mut p) = SCHEDULER.lock().next() {
+            println!("executing {:#?}", p);
+            flush!();
+            unsafe {
+                SCHEDULER.force_unlock();
+                p.execute();
+            }
+            unreachable!();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn fork() -> i32 {
+    let ip;
+    unsafe { asm!("pop $0" : "=r"(ip) ::: "intel") };
+    println!("ip = {:#x}", ip);
+    flush!();
+    unsafe { asm!("push $0" :: "r"(ip) :: "intel") };
+    SCHEDULER.lock().add_task(ip);
+    0
+}
+
+pub fn sleep() {
+    
+}
+
+pub fn init() {
+    fprintln!("init first line");
+    // let i = self::fork();
+    // println!("fork={}", i);
+    fprintln!("init last line");
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/process.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/process.rs
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum State {
+    Running,
+    Ready,
+    Sleeping(u32),
+    Blocked(),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Process {
+    pid: i32,
+    // this is eip right now
+    // this will be an elf blob later
+    ip: u32,
+    state: State,
+}
+
+impl Process {
+    pub fn new(pid: i32, ip: u32) -> Process {
+        Process {
+            pid,
+            ip,
+            state: State::Ready,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn execute(&mut self) {
+        use super::schedule;
+        let scheduler_loop = schedule as *const () as u32;
+        asm!("push $0; push $1; ret" :: "r"(scheduler_loop) ,"r"(self.ip) :: "volatile", "intel");
+        unreachable!();
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/sleep.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/scheduling/sleep.rs
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//! sleeping processing are stored in a delta queue
+//! separate from other scheduling structures: this
+//! way the scheduling algorithms don't have to worry about
+//! managing these
+//!
+//! https://wiki.osdev.org/Blocking_Process
+
+use alloc::collections::vec_deque::VecDeque;
+use super::*;
+
+struct Sleeper {
+    process: Process,
+    // ms
+    ticks: u32,
+}
+
+/// osdev calls this a delta queue but google doesnt know
+struct DeltaQueue {
+    queue: VecDeque<Sleeper>,
+}
+
+impl DeltaQueue {
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, process: Process, ticks: u32) {
+        let sleeper = Sleeper { process, ticks };
+    }
+
+    /// decreases timer on the list and returns the number
+    /// of finished sleepers
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let mut i: u32 = 0;
+        while let Some(link) = self.queue.get_mut(i as usize) {
+            // find how many links have 0 ticks left
+            if link.ticks > 0 {
+                link.ticks -= 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        i
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/time.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/time.rs
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use spin::Mutex;
+
+/// Kernel start time, measured in (seconds, microseconds) since Unix epoch
+pub static START: Mutex<(u32, u32)> = Mutex::new((0, 0));
+/// Kernel up time, measured in (seconds, microseconds) since `START_TIME`
+pub static OFFSET: Mutex<(u32, u32)> = Mutex::new((0, 0));
+
+pub fn monotonic() -> (u32, u32) {
+    *OFFSET.lock()
+}
+
+pub fn realtime() -> (u32, u32) {
+    let offset = monotonic();
+    let start = *START.lock();
+    let sum = start.1 + offset.1;
+    (start.0 + offset.0 + sum / 1_000_000, sum % 1_000_000)
+}
+
+pub fn uptime() {
+    let offset = self::OFFSET.lock();
+    println!("{}s", offset.0 + offset.1 / 1_000_000);
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/vga/color.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/vga/color.rs
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum Color {
+    Black = 0,
+    Blue = 1,
+    Green = 2,
+    Cyan = 3,
+    Red = 4,
+    Magenta = 5,
+    Brown = 6,
+    LightGray = 7,
+    DarkGray = 8,
+    LightBlue = 9,
+    LightGreen = 10,
+    LightCyan = 11,
+    LightRed = 12,
+    Pink = 13,
+    Yellow = 14,
+    White = 15,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ColorCode(pub u8);
+
+impl ColorCode {
+    pub const fn new(foreground: Color, background: Color) -> ColorCode {
+        ColorCode((background as u8) << 4 | (foreground as u8))
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/vga/cursor.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/vga/cursor.rs
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// https://wiki.osdev.org/Text_Mode_Cursor
+// Protected mode cursor abstraction
+
+use x86::devices::io::{Io, Pio};
+
+pub static mut CURSOR: Cursor = Cursor::new(0x3D4);
+
+pub struct Cursor {
+    cmd: Pio<u8>,
+    data: Pio<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Cursor {
+    pub const fn new(port: u16) -> Cursor {
+        Cursor {
+            cmd: Pio::new(port),
+            data: Pio::new(port + 1),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&mut self, position: usize) {
+        // 14 awaits the rightmost 8bits
+        self.cmd.write(14);
+        self.data.write((position >> 8) as u8 & 0xff);
+
+        // 15 awaits the leftmost 8bits
+        self.cmd.write(15);
+        self.data.write((position >> 0) as u8 & 0xff);
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/src/vga/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel-rs/src/vga/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+pub mod color;
+pub mod cursor;
+
+pub use self::color::{Color, ColorCode};
+use self::cursor::CURSOR;
+
+pub static mut VGA: Writer = self::Writer::new();
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(C)]
+struct ScreenChar {
+    ascii_character: u8,
+    color_code: ColorCode,
+}
+
+// print wrapper macro around vga
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
+        $crate::vga::print(format_args!($($arg)*));
+    });
+}
+
+// flushed print
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! fprint {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
+        print!($($arg)*);
+        flush!();
+    });
+}
+
+// print with a line feed
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! println {
+    () => ({print!("\n")});
+    ($fmt:expr) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n")));
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
+}
+
+// flushed println
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! fprintln {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
+        println!($($arg)*);
+        flush!();
+    });
+}
+
+macro_rules! flush {
+    () => (#[allow(unused_unsafe)] unsafe { $crate::vga::VGA.flush() });
+}
+
+macro_rules! set_color {
+    () => (unsafe { $crate::vga::VGA.color_code =
+        $crate::vga::ColorCode::new($crate::vga::Color::White, $crate::vga::Color::Black)} );
+    ($fg:ident) => (unsafe { $crate::vga::VGA.color_code =
+        $crate::vga::ColorCode::new($crate::vga::Color::$fg, $crate::vga::Color::Black)} );
+    ($fg:ident, $bg:ident) => (unsafe { $crate::vga::VGA.color_code =
+        $crate::vga::ColorCode::new($crate::vga::Color::$fg, $crate::vga::Color::$bg)} );
+}
+
+pub fn print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+    unsafe {
+        self::VGA.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+const BUFFER_ROWS: usize = 25;
+const BUFFER_COLS: usize = 80 * 2;
+
+pub struct Writer {
+    pub buffer_pos: usize,
+    pub color_code: ColorCode,
+    buffer: [u8; BUFFER_ROWS * BUFFER_COLS],
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    pub const fn new() -> Writer {
+        Writer {
+            buffer_pos: 0,
+            color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::White, Color::Black),
+            buffer: [0; BUFFER_ROWS * BUFFER_COLS],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn erase_byte(&mut self) {
+        self.buffer_pos -= 2;
+        let i = self.buffer_pos;
+        self.buffer[i] = b' ';
+        self.buffer[i + 1] = self.color_code.0;
+        self.flush();
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_byte(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        match byte {
+            b'\n' => {
+                let current_line = self.buffer_pos / (BUFFER_COLS);
+                self.buffer_pos = (current_line + 1) * BUFFER_COLS;
+            }
+            byte => {
+                self.buffer[self.buffer_pos] = byte;
+                self.buffer[self.buffer_pos + 1] = self.color_code.0;
+                self.buffer_pos += 2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.buffer_pos >= self.buffer.len() {
+            self.scroll();
+            self.flush();
+        }
+        // flushing here is correct but slow
+        // self.flush();
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        for byte in s.bytes() {
+            self.write_byte(byte)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush_cursor(&self) {
+        unsafe { CURSOR.flush(self.buffer_pos / 2); }
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&mut self) {
+        let slice = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(0xb8000 as *mut u8, 4000) };
+        slice.as_mut().clone_from_slice(&self.buffer);
+        self.flush_cursor();
+    }
+
+    fn scroll(&mut self) {
+        for row in 1..BUFFER_ROWS {
+            for col in 0..BUFFER_COLS {
+                let prev_position = ((row - 1) * BUFFER_COLS) + col;
+                let current_position = (row * BUFFER_COLS) + col;
+                self.buffer[prev_position] = self.buffer[current_position];
+            }
+        }
+
+        for col in (0..BUFFER_COLS / 2).map(|x| x * 2) {
+            self.buffer[((BUFFER_ROWS - 1) * BUFFER_COLS) + (col)] = b' ';
+            self.buffer[((BUFFER_ROWS - 1) * BUFFER_COLS) + (col + 1)] =
+                ColorCode::new(Color::White, Color::Black).0;
+        }
+        self.buffer_pos = (BUFFER_ROWS - 1) * BUFFER_COLS;
+    }
+}
+
+// trait needed by formatting macros
+use core::fmt;
+impl fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for byte in s.bytes() {
+            self.write_byte(byte)
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
--- a/kernel-rs/x86
+++ b/kernel-rs/x86
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 229c4acbbe81bf4837bd05714b99614ada9dd2b3
--- a/kernel-rs/x86-bluesnow.json
+++ b/kernel-rs/x86-bluesnow.json
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+	"arch": "x86",
+
+	"_comment": "http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#data-layout",
+	"data-layout": "e-m:e-p:32:32-f64:32:64-f80:32-n8:16:32-S128",
+
+	"llvm-target": "i386-unknown-none",
+	"linker-flavor": "gcc",
+	"os": "none",
+	"target-endian": "little",
+	"target-pointer-width": "32",
+	"target-c-int-width": "32",
+	"features": "-mmx,-fxsr,-sse,-sse2,+soft-float",
+	"eliminate-frame-pointer": false,
+	"disable-redzone": true,
+	"panic-strategy": "abort"
+}
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Subproject commit 32552947aa30414a96d9a8e291aceaf18320b3ef`
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Subproject commit 229c4acbbe81bf4837bd05714b99614ada9dd2b3`